Lecture part 2 Flashcards
what are the basics of a hindgut fermenter
- monogastric
- enlarged cecum
- fermentation occurs in colon and cecum (similar to ruminants)
- allows for cellulose digestion
horse mouth
-teeth
- lips and tongue
- saliva
horse teeth
-vertical and lateral jaw movements
- chew on one side at a time
horse lips and tongue
prehension
horse saliva
- no enzymes
- stimulated by scratching of mucus membranes of inner cheek by food
horse esophagus
- really long
- one way peristaltic movements
- no eructation or regurgitation
why is it problematic that horses can regurgitate or throw up
only have 1 peristaltic direction so potential for choke
horse stomach
- small compared to other species
- little muscular movement
how are horses fed to try and prevent colic
fed several times a day since stomach is smaller
ingesta forms layer=
increased digestive issues
colic
gas build up that causes pain and discomfort
horse small intestine
- similar to pig
- exception= no gallbladder
since horses have no gallbladder, what happens to direct bile secretion
goes into duodenum
horse large intestine
- 60% of GIT
what makes up the horses large intestine
cecum
large colon
small colon
rectum
what kind of diet might be problematic for horses
a high fat diet
what does the gallbladder do
store bile
horse large intestine
- active flora similar to rumen microbes
- some VFA absorption
- little to no protein absorption
- small colon
VFA
volatile fatty acids
small colon
water reabsorption
what do the active flora in the large intestine of a horse do
- breakdown cellulose and carbs to form VFAs
- synthesis of water-soluble vitamins
- synthesis of proteins
what are VFAs a precursor to
digestion
rabbits
hind gut fermenters
what make rabbits special
- unable to vomit
- coprophagia
coprophagia
- class of animals
- eat feces
what are the two forms of feces
- hard, fibrous, and no nutrional value
- caecotrophs are soft and contain vitamins and proteins
why do rabbits fall under the classification of coprophagia
eat feces, or caecotrophs, as an adaptation to capture nutrients
avian mouth
- no teeth
- beak
- saliva contains amylase
what is amylase
enzyme action for starch
- digestion occurs in mouth
avian esophagus
- contains crop
crop
- pouch and can expand
- sits on breast
- saliva and secretions soften food
- storage area
sour crop
- poultry form of colic
- yeast/bacteria overgrowth in crop
- food leaving crop begins to ferment
what is the main difference between birds and mammals
no teeth in birds
proventriculus
- equivalent to true stomach
- site of gastric juice secretion
- pH=4
- ingesta passes thru rapidly
- small
what do HCl and Pepsin start to do in the proventriculus
breakdown of proteins to amino acids
gizzard
- ventriculus
- thick muscular walls
- grit= small stones that aid in grinding
- no enzymatic secretions
what is the purpose of thick muscular walls in the gizzard
reduce particle size of ingesta
- helps mix
what do digested rocks act as for birds
teeth
avian small intestine
- main site of absorption
- contains most of enzymes except lactase
- pH is slightly acidic
as does the acidic levels change as you move thru GI tract
slightly acidic
becomes bufferable
ceca
birds have 2 large ceca
avian large intestine
- very short
- bacterial action and some fibrous feed fermented
- empties into cloaca
cloaca
- out and in
- site where urine and fecal matter meet
- site of egg laying and spermatozoa deposition
vent
feces passes out of the body
- actual opening
what is another term for cloaca
common sewer
what do bird feces have on them
uric acid caps
- how they excrete waster of nitrogen and uric acid
