Exam 2 (for final) Flashcards
Hydrogen bonds attach the fatty acids to the glycerol backbone.
false
Lactase in pigs from birth to 3 weeks is
not induced
Dietary lipid are coated with blank as they enter the duodenum. This process allows for blank, which is the process of breaking down fat globules. This in turn blank surface area. The enzyme blank will then breakdown triglycerides into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride. Before fats can be transported across the intestinal cell they form blank. Once in the cell fats are reassembled into triglycerides and then coated with a protein. This complex is then called a blank. Once formed they will exit the cell via exocytosis and will enter the blank system, which will eventually drain into the blank system.
bile salts
emulsification
increases
lipase
micelles
chylomicron
lymphatic
circulatory
If a limiting amino acid is used up, protein synthesis that uses that amino acid can still continue.
false
Methionine is a TSAA, limiting, and essential.
true
Net energy from a protein is higher than fat due to the energy required to dispose of the by-products from N metabolism.
false
A mix of glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose.
hemicellulose
RDP stands for blank and is the equivalent to blank (DIP)
ruminally degraded protein
degraded intake protein
as moisture content of feed increases, typically and animal will drink less water
false
Lignin is a carbohydrate.
false
form of N for fish
NH3
form of N in birds
uric acid
terrestrial vertebrates N form
urea
There are approximately 15 amino acids known to nature.
false
Monosaccharides can be absorbed through the small intestine.
true
Glycine is an essential amino acid for poultry.
true
The process of digesting fats requires the assistance of bile salts.
true
Which is the primary VFA produced from starch and sugar fermentation?
propionate
Which of the following is a NET producer of glucose?
propionate
A glucose + galactose beta 1,4 bond
lactose
red
milk yield
pink
forages
yellow
butyrate
orange
total VFAs
grey
concentrates
blue
acetate
green
propionate
purple
% butter fat
Explain why pH decreases in relationship to addition of concentrates in the diet.
more VFAs= more acid
Based on the diagram, explain how the proportion of forage and concentrate in the diet impacts Total VFA production.
As proportion of forage and concentrate increase, the total VFA production will increase as well
Based on the diagram, explain how the proportion of forage and concentrate fed in the diet of a dairy cow impacts milk yield and milk fat in relation to VFAs being produced as a result of the diet.
As concentrate in the diet increases, total VFAs increase and propionate increases. A higher forage diet leads to higher acetate. Higher forage = higher milk fat b/c acetate is a precursor for milk fat synthesis Higher concentrate = higher milk yield b/c propionate is a more efficient energy precursor.
In a functioning ruminant, lactase is
induced
In adult pigs, amylase, maltase, and sucrase are
induced
NSP
non starch polysaccharide
pentosan polysaccharide found in corn cobs and wood
Xylan
polysaccharide
> 10 sugar units
pentose
5 carbon surgar
polysaccharide like
lignin
oligosaccharide
3-10 sugar units
glucose + fructose + galactose
raffinose
disaccharide
2 sugar units
glycogen
animal starch
hexose
6 carbon sugar
Describe the characteristics of these fats that would explain WHY they would be liquid.
These fats are liquid due to their structure. The bent shape in unsaturated fats causes this to occur. There is also airspace between the location of the bends.
All plant source fats are liquid at room temperature.
false
Fructose is the sweetest of all sugar.
true
Amylase in pigs from birth to 3 weeks is
not induced
Protein degradation is often stimulated by glucocorticoids.
true
Cattle will lose more water via feces compared to sheep.
true
Between 3-8 weeks of age lactase, maltase, and amylase are
induced
The three most common limiting amino acids are
methionine
lysine
tryptophan
RUP stands for blank and is the equivalent to blank, or blank protein
ruminally undegraded protein
undegraded intake protein
bypass
four functions of water
- control and regulate body temperature
- provide form and shape of the body
- cushion the organs
- help with metabolic processes
Propionate can be shipped out of the muscle to the liver to be converted to glucose as part of the Cori Cycle.
false
HDL is considered the “good” cholesterol.
true
Hibernating animals rely on what source of water to survive?
metabolic
Insulin is produced from what tissue?
beta cells of the islets of langerhans
The maillard reaction can bind an animo acid to a fat.
false
A cavital enzyme is found in the brush border of the mucosal cell.
false
SFA (saturated fatty acid)
myristic
palmitic
stearic
UFA (unsaturated fatty acid)
oleic
PUFA
linoleic
linolenic
arachidonic
Carbohydrates will net the most metabolic water.
true
What are the two most common situations in livestock where ketosis could occur?
In ewes, ketosis is also known as pregancy diease and is usaully when the ewe is carrying multiple lambs. In this form of ketosis, glucose is decreased and glucagon and ephinephrine are increased. This causes the ewe to experience lethargy and possibly death.
The second situation would be in most dairy cows after lactation starts. The cows experience a negative energy balance.
Mannose is efficiently absorbed in the small intestine.
false
Type I diabetes is considered an auto-immune disease.
The chylomicron is formed in the lumen of the intestine before being absorbed across the brush border.
false
somatostatin
inhibits all other homrones
hormone
Chemical substance excreted from a ductless gland from source to target tissue
secretin
Action=secretion of water and bicarbonate
motilin
housekeeping hormone of GIT
CCK
produces satiety
pancreatic lipase
Hydrolyzes fatty acids in the 1 and 3 position of triglycerides
GIP
inhibits HCL production and gastric motility
pepsin
active at pH below 3.5
zymogens
Precursors to enzymes
gastrin
Stimuli = stomach distention, dietary proteins, fats, carbohydrates, alcohol and caffeine, vagus nerve stimulation
endopeptidases
Hydrolyze interior bonds
In neonatal ruminants, lactase activity is blank. While activity of other enzymes are blank
high, low
Motilin is released every 10 minutes during the consumption of a meal.
false
What would be considered the “activator” of Trypsinogen to Trypsin?
enterokinase
Which the primary VFA produced from cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation?
acetate
Animal proteins have higher biological value than plant proteins.
true
