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Nutrition > Lecture 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why do we analyze feed

A
  • need to know what nutrients are present
  • test for anti-nutritional factor or toxins
  • know more about what we are buying or selling
  • want to establish or add value
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2
Q

depending on scale and level of management, how many times may a farmer collect and analyze feed

A

daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually

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3
Q

what is important when taking samples of feedstuffs (should be)

A
  • collected correctly
  • labeled consistently
  • stored appropriately (prevent degradation)
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4
Q

round bales

A
  • outside and inside were at different locations when raked and baled
  • outside=dry, moldy, ;ess nutrients
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5
Q

how do you take a sample to analyze a square bale

A

grab samples

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6
Q

silage

A
  • keep sealed
  • core sampling
  • testing nutrition and fermentation
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7
Q

what kind of testing do you use for silage

A

core sampling

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8
Q

what kind of testing do you use for grain

A

grab samples

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9
Q

sampling forages

A
  • Grab sample
  • core sample
  • sample numbers and composites
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10
Q

what are the two general analytical procedures used in feed analysis

A
  • proximate analysis
  • van soest analysis
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11
Q

in a feed analysis, what are the specific analytical procedures

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • toxins
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12
Q

what are other forms of feed analysis

A
  • near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  • biological models
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13
Q

what is the history behind feed analysis

A
  • 1860
  • Weende Analysis/ Weende Experiment Station
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14
Q

proximate analysis

A

series of procedures used to determine nutrient categories
- quantitative method to determine amount of different macronutrients in feed

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15
Q

what are the 6 fractions of proximate analysis

A

DM
EE
CF
CP
Ash
NFE

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16
Q

water

A

dry matter

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17
Q

crude protein

A

protiens

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18
Q

ether extract

A

lipids

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19
Q

ash

A

minerals

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20
Q

crude fiber

A

carbs

21
Q

nitrogen free extract

A

carbs

22
Q

Key Points to Dry Matter (DM)

A
  • moisture meters
  • microwave equipment
  • freeze drying
23
Q

“As fed”

A

air dried

24
Q

how do you perform dry matter

A

weigh sample, dry it, weigh sample again

25
Q

moisture meters (DM)

A
  • immediate
  • depend on electrical conductivity
  • precision lower
26
Q

microwave equipment (DM)

A
  • may not be as accurate
  • temp control IMPORTANT
27
Q

freeze drying (DM)

A
  • best technique
  • can only do small sampling at a time
28
Q

problems with dry matter

A

fermented feeds

29
Q

what does crude protein (CP) determine

A

quantity and measures nitrogen in material

30
Q

how is the nitrogen expressed as in CP

A

N times 6.25

31
Q

What procedure foes with CP

A

Kjeldahl Procedure

32
Q

how is CP analyzed

A
  • digest feed in concentrated H2SO4
  • mixed with NaOH and titrated with acid
33
Q

what type of animal is CP not useful in

A

non-ruminants

34
Q

fats are not…

A

water soluble

35
Q

how do you analyze ether extract

A

-reflux sample with ether
- measure material left behind

35
Q

what does ether extract determine (EE)

A

determines fat content

36
Q

what is the importance of ether extract figures

A

energy value

37
Q

what is possible misinformation for EE

A

soluble compound not useful to the animal

38
Q

what is Ash

A

-residue remaining after a high temp burn

39
Q

what is left in ash

A

inorganic compounds

40
Q

how is crude fiber determined (CF)

A
  • boil an ether extracted sample in dilute acid and then dilute base
  • sample burnt in 600 degrees
41
Q

what is the difference between pre and post burn quantity

A

CF

42
Q

misinformation about CF

A
  • excludes some fiber
  • contains lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose
43
Q

Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)

A
  • no extraction
  • represents the non fibrous carbohydrate fraction
44
Q

how is NFE calculated

A

by difference
NFE+100-(water+CP+EE+CF+ASH)

45
Q

what is the problem with NFE

A

calculated not measured so there are better methods to measure starch

46
Q

what type of carbs does NFE look at

A

soluble carbs

47
Q

what type of carbs does Crude Fiber look at

A

fibrous carbs

Nutrition (25 decks)

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