Lecture 7 Part 1

Question 1

functions of CHO

Answer 1

• primary function= energy source
• used in tissue synthesis
• energy reserves

Question 2

what is CHO not stored as

Answer 2

glycogen
- converted to fats

Question 3

digestion

Answer 3

preparation for absorption

Question 4

how are monosaccharides absorbed

Answer 4

only through SI

Question 5

what are the enzymes useful in digestion of CHO

Answer 5

amylase
sucrose
lactase
maltase

Question 6

what is absorbed very efficiently

Answer 6

galactose (main source of energy) and glucose (net producer of ATP)

Question 7

what is not absorbed very efficiently

Answer 7

mannose

Question 8

how are some monosaccharides absorbed

Answer 8

• absorbed then converted to glucose in intestinal wall
• converted in liver to glucose

Question 9

what are the typical fasting/normal levels of blood glucose in different animals

Answer 9

cattle and sheep= 40-60
nonruminants= 80-120
humans= 70-90

Question 10

increase in blood glucose=

Answer 10

diabetes

Question 11

how are cellulose and hemicellulose digested

Answer 11

• cellulose cleaves bonds
• VFA’s absorbed thru rumen wall and some in colon of nonruminant herbivores
• cellulose/hemicellulose—>glucose—>VFA

Question 12

fates of glucose

Answer 12

catabolized to release energy
- fuel animals activity
- build new tissue
- surplus energy stored as fat

Question 13

where is glycogen stored

Answer 13

liver and muscle

Question 14

what varies in storage of glucose

Answer 14

relative rate of storage vs breakdown

Question 15

what is the rate of storage driven by

Answer 15

1. what animals are being fed
2. what they are doing (energy in and energy out)

Question 16

how is the liver important to glucose

Answer 16

• glucose released from liver
• stores small amounts for quick export
• build glucose from metabolic precursors
• distributer and creator of glucose

Question 17

what are the three important stages for energy (metabolic pathways)

Answer 17

1. glycolysis
2. TCA cycle
3. electron transport chain

Question 18

glycolysis

Answer 18

Embden-Myerhoff pathway

glucose–>2 pyruvate—>TCA or Lactate

• 1st metabolic pathway to derive energy from Carbs

Question 19

what happens to lactate in “Cori Cycle”

Answer 19

converted to glucose in the liver
- lactic acid causes soreness in muscles

Question 20

TCA cycle

Answer 20

citric acid cycle/krebs cycle
- 8 step reaction

acetyl CoA—>CO2, H2O, ATP, Heat, FADH2

Question 21

how many acetyl-CoA will fuel how many turns

Answer 21

1

Question 22

how many glucoses can fuel 2 trips around cycle

Answer 22

1

Question 23

about how many ATP are produced from TCA cycle

Answer 23

38
- can vary based on gross or net

Question 24

electron transport chain

Answer 24

• oxidative phosphorylation
• occurs within mitochondria
• energy trapped as ATP
• use NADH and FADH2 to fuel ATP synthase

Question 25

what are the three G’s of metabolic pathways

Answer 25

1. glycogenesis
2. glycogenolysis
3. gluconeogenesis

Question 26

glycogenesis

Answer 26

• glucose to glycogen
• liver
• insulin initiates reactions

Question 27

how does insulin initiate reactions

Answer 27

pull some glucose out of circulatory system and bring glucose levels down

Question 28

glycogenolysis

Answer 28

glycogen to glucose
- starvation, fasting, prolonged exercise

Question 29

what two things stimulate glycogenolysis

Answer 29

epinephrine
glucagon

Question 30

gluconeogenesis

Answer 30

creation of glucose from non CHO source
- most prevalent with hypoglycemia
- occurs in liver, some in kidney