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Nutrition > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

how are lipids digested

A

emulsification

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2
Q

what do bile salts increase

A

surface area

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3
Q

what happens first, emulsification, digestion, or absorption

A

emulsification then digestion then absoprtion

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4
Q

what are mixed micelles

A
  • allow for easier transportation
    Monoglycerides + FFA + Bile slats + Phospholipids + Cholesterol
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5
Q

what create larger mixed micelles

A

mixed micelles combines with cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

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6
Q

where is the main sight of absorption

A

upper jejunum

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7
Q

what happens to lipids upon entering mucosal cell

A
  • fats reassembled into triglycerides
  • protein coating occurs to form chylomicrons
  • chylomicrons enter lacteals via intercellular space
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8
Q

how do mammals absorb long chain FA lipids

A

via lymph system

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9
Q

lipoprotein

A

lipids + proteins

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10
Q

what is different with chickens when absorbing long chain FA lipids

A

absorb it directly into portal blood

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11
Q

how are lipids transported

A
  • blood lipids
  • as lipoproteins
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12
Q

blood lipids

A
  • chylomicrons
  • lipids arising from mobilized depot stores
  • lipids synthesized in body tissues
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13
Q

what are the 4 major classes of lipids transported as lipoproteins

A
  1. chylomicrons (smallest)
  2. VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
  3. LDL (low density lipoprotein)
  4. HDL (high density lipoproteins)
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14
Q

which lipoprotein has the highest ratio of lipids to protiens

A

HDL

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15
Q

which lipoprotein has the smallest amount of proteins

A

chylomicrons

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16
Q

What is associated with bad cholesterol

A

LDL
promote plaque formation blood vessels

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17
Q

what is associated with good cholesterol

A

HDL
break down plaque in blood vessels

18
Q

how is triglyceride stored

A
  • all cells in body store lipids
  • adipocytes (fat cells) are most notable
19
Q

what happens when there is a negative balance of energy

A

tissues used by body because it needs energy

20
Q

lipogenesis

A

building fatty acids and triglycerides from precursors

21
Q

where does lipogenesis occur

A
  1. liver
  2. mammary gland
  3. adipose tissue
22
Q

FA and TG metabolism in liver

A

degradation of:
- FA phospholipids
- saturation, desaturation, lengthening, shortening, deposit of liver lipids

23
Q

biosynthesis of fatty acids process

A
  • begins with acetyl-CoA
  • assembled in 2C units
  • desaturation in tissue limited
  • start with a base and continuously add 2C
24
Q

what do microbes convert FA’s to become in ruminants

A

more saturated

25
Q

triglyceride catabolism

A
  • adipose tissue
25
Q

how does adipose tissue play a part in catabolism of triglyceride

A
  • composed primarily of triglycerides
  • dynamic tissue= synthesis and degradation of triglycerides
  • lipoprotein lipase= hydrolysis of TG
  • activity under hormone control
26
Q

in the hydrolysis of TG, when is activity high and low

A

high- fed state
low- fasted state

27
Q

what is the hormone in TG catabolism

A
  • lipolysis: fat breakdown
  • stimulated by: paylean and GH
  • inhibited by: prostaglandins and insulin
28
Q

what is involved in the control of net fat accretion

A
  • complex regulatory systems
  • lipolysis and lipogenesis
29
Q

fatty acid catabolism

A

-FA released from hydrolysis= transported to tissues as oxidative energy
- beta oxidation

30
Q

beta oxidation

A

stepwise enzymatic removal of 2C units to be used for:
- re-synthesis of FA
- synthesis of steroids and ketones
- entry into TA cycle

where energy comes from

31
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A
  • mitochondria
  • what comes in: FA and dehydrogenase
  • what comes out: shorter FA, electrons, and acetyl-CoA
32
Q

what makes fats so energy dense

A

high ratio of C and H to O

33
Q

steroid metabolism

A
  • cholesterol (most abundant sterol and precursor)
  • biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA
  • cholesterol excreted in bile
  • used for steroid synthesis
34
Q

phospholipid metabolism

A
  • lecithin most abundant animal tissue because of lipid bilayer
35
Q

ketone metabolism

A
  • formation of ketones= continous
  • energy source in skeletal muscle and other peripheral tissue
  • can have overproduction
36
Q

fatty liver abnormality

A
  • negative energy balance
  • excessive fat mobilization from adipose tissue
  • fat dpeosited in liver slower than net lose
37
Q

how do you prevent fatty livers

A
  • transition period is important
  • feeding protected choline
  • dairy cattle
38
Q

ketosis

A
  • rapid mobilization of fat depot
  • reduced intakes
  • lack of ability to metabolize acetyl-CoA in TCA cycle
39
Q

obesity

A
  • over consumption of calories= factor
  • genetic=factor
  • net deposition greater than normal
  • cell size and number
40
Q

what can occur postnatally to cause obesity

A

proliferation

Nutrition (25 decks)

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