Lecture 7 Part 2 Flashcards
what is hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
nongluconegenic compounds
- not efficient at making things
- cannot be used to produce NET glucose
what are some nongluconegenic compounds
- acetyl CoA
- fatty acids
- some amino acids
- acetic acid
- butyric acid
insulin
- synthesized and secreated by pancreas
- beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans
- responds to high blood sugar
- stimulates glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue
hormonal control of CHO metabolism
insulin
hormonal control of CH2O metabolism
glucagon
glucagon
- synthesized and secreted by pancreas
- alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans
- responds to low blood sugar
what does glucagon stimulate liver to
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
glucocorticoids
- hormonal control of CHO metabolism
- cortisol produced and released by adrenal gland
- stimulated when blood sugar low or stress
- stimulates gluconeogenesis
what are the side effects of glucocorticoids
immune, inflammation
epinephrine
- hormonal control of CHO metabolism
- produced and released by adrenal gland
- stimulates glycogenolysis
ruminant carb metabolism
- microbial fermentation of fiber and sugars
- cellulytic bacteria digest hemicellulose and cellulose to VFA’s
- alter proportion of VFA’s and lactate
- feed additive to alter VFA’s
what are the end products of microbial fermentation of fiber and sugars
VFA’s + organic acids
- acetate
- propionate
- butyrate
- lactate
- 99% sugars converted to VFA’s
high forage diet=
acetate highest
propionate next highest
butyrate lowest
high concentrate diet=
acetate is lowered
propionate increased
acetate
TCA cycle
- used in muscle and adipose tissue
propionate
- TCA cycle
- metabolizes in liver to glucose
- when feeding more carbs
butyrate
- TCA cycle
- converted to glucose in liver
- stay at more local level (rumen)
lactate
- converted to glucose in liver
- potentially be substrate
what is the primary VFA from cellulose and hemicellulose
acetate
- feeding a lot of fiber
what is acetate necessary for
butter fat synthesis
which VFA yields more glucose
propionate
what are feed additives that alter VFA’s
rumensin
bovatec
ionophore
- an additive, technically an antibiotic
- increases propionate
- decreases production of acetate and butyrate
what does an ionophore improve
energy efficiency
improves F/G
improves ADG
what species are ionophores toxic to
horses
ketosis
- excess of ketones
- seen when CHO intake is lower
- cause lack of CHO or gluconeogenic AA derived precursors to oxalate
what are the three types of ketones
acetone
acetoacetic acid
B-hydroxybutyric acid
what is ketosis known as in ewes
pregnancy disease
- when carrying multiple lambs
what does ketosis in ewes cause
- decrease glucose
- increase glucagon and epinephrine
- death
- lethargy
as ketones increase,
appetite decreases
what is the treatment for ketosis in ewes
does with propylene glycol to provide immediate source of energy
- prevent with feeding grain last 4 weeks
what are the effects of ketosis in dairy cows
- seen in early lactation
- negative energy balance
- poor appetite
fat stores being metabolized=
elevated ketones
how do you treat ketosis in dairy cattle
same as sheep
- propylene glycol
- increase grain in diet
- prevent with high energy, high fiber ration, and Rumensin
diabetes mellitus types
- juvenile onset (type 1)
- adult onset (type II)
- gestational onset
type 1
- higher than normal blood glucose
- usually autoimmune disorder
- treatment= insulin injections
what is type 1 diabetes caused by
underproduction of insulin by pancreas due to destruction of beta cells
type II
- higher than normal blood glucose
- common in dogs
- treatment= diet and exercise and weight control
what is type II caused by
- defect in insulin receptor mechanism at target tissue level
- obesity
gestational onset
- higher than normal blood glucose and ketone levels
- recovery is common after delivery
- 2 to 5% of all pregnancies
what causes gestational onset
increased tissue resistance to the action of insulin
