Lecture 10 Part 1

Question 1

what are proteins

Answer 1

• large molecules
• diverse structure and function
• organs and soft structures of body
• enzymes
• signals
• hormones

Question 2

what are proteins made up of

Answer 2

C
H
O
N
S

Question 3

what form of nitrogen to animals require

Answer 3

amino acids

Question 4

why do younger animals have higher requirements of proteins and amino acids

Answer 4

based on body weight
- making a lot of new tissues/muscles

Question 5

what are the basic structural material for body tissues

Answer 5

muscle
skin
vital organs
blood cells
hormones
enzymes
hair
hooves
feathers
horns
wool
bone

Question 6

what is the protein structure

Answer 6

• amino acids
• polypeptide (sting of amino acids)

Question 7

what are the main things in amino acid structure

Answer 7

R group (changes)
amino group
carboxyl group

Question 8

what are the essential AAs

Answer 8

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine

Question 9

what is different in the non-essential AAs glycine and proline in poultry

Answer 9

they will become essential

Question 10

in nonruminants what are the same as essential AAs

Answer 10

dietary essential AAs

Question 11

why is it hard to define protein/AA digestion in ruminants

Answer 11

because of role the microbes play

Question 12

undigested proteins

Answer 12

those that escape rumen and are digested similar to non-ruminants

Question 13

crude protein

Answer 13

tells us about N available

Question 14

non protein nitrogen (NPN)

Answer 14

peptides, amines, nucleic acids, amino acids, N containing compounds
- more relevant for ruminants

Question 15

what can happen if you overfeed urea

Answer 15

cause ammonia toxicity
- need to feed adequate CH3O

Question 16

Sychrony

Answer 16

Sychrony between N and carbs
- not appropriate for young ruminants

Question 17

total sulfur amino acids

Answer 17

TSAA
- methionine + cystine
- methionine is essential
- body convert Met into Cystine to avoid deficiency in Met

Question 18

cysteine

Answer 18

not measured because usually binds together

Question 19

cystine

Answer 19

2 cysteines bound together with disulfide bond
- cysteine content almost always expressed as cystine

Question 20

what can phenylalanine converted to

Answer 20

tyrosine (non essential AA)

Question 21

what is phenylalanine considered

Answer 21

essential amino acid
- rarely limiting AA

Question 22

true protein

Answer 22

composed of AA
- more important for non ruminants

Question 23

digestible protein

Answer 23

portion of protein digested
- not all absorbed in SI
- breaking bons

Question 24

availability

Answer 24

AA may be digested. but is it available for synthesis of protein?
- Maillard reaction

Question 25

what is the Maillard reaction

Answer 25

• when substance heated
• amino acid and carb bond
• autoclave or oven
• original, autoclave 15 min, autoclave 30 min, over dried 30 min

Question 26

autoclave vs oven

Answer 26

autoclave is wet/moisture heat while over is dry heat

Question 27

protein quality of nutritive value

Answer 27

refers to quantity and ratio of essential AA in a protein

Question 28

biological value (BV)

Answer 28

• relates protein retained to protein absorbed
• equal to or greater than 70% considered capable of supporting growth

Question 29

limiting AA

Answer 29

AA most deficient in protein or diet relative to requirement

Question 30

what happens if AA is limiting

Answer 30

protein synthesis stops for all proteins requiring that AA

Question 31

what are the most common limiting AAs

Answer 31

lysine
methionine
tryptophan

Question 32

what is the complimentary effect

Answer 32

combining various feeds in order to provide a balance of amino acids

Question 33

what is an example of complimentary effect

Answer 33

corn, low in lysine, and soybeans, high in lysine