Lecture 3 Part 1 Flashcards
what are the groups of classifications
- roughages
- energy concentrates
- protein concentrates
- mineral supplement
- vitamin supplement
- nonnutritive additives
what is the difference between concentrates vs roughages
concentrates are less than 18% CF while roughages are more than 18% CF
- roughages are also lower in energy
roughages
any material suitable for feeding livestock in which crude fiber is more than 18% of dry weight
- crude fiber value
why are roughages beneficial
- high bulk
- high fiber
- useful in ruminant diets
what are roughages low in
energy
dry roughages
- aerial parts of plants that have been dried to atmospheric moisture content
what is the percent DM for dry roughages
88-90%
examples of dry roughages
- stalks
- CORN
- SOYBEAN
- hulls
- shells
- corn cobs
dry forages
hay
what happens if there is too much moisture
- invites mold
- can cause combustion in storage barn
what is hay
grass or legume crop harvested, sun dried, and stored
what are some of the crop species in hay
- alfalfa (legume)
- brome grass
- orchard grass
what is better, legumes or grasses?
legumes
example of a legume
clovers
increase in nitrogen causes what to happen in CP
increase
why do we sun cure
want 15% moisture or less
stage of maturity for hay
- early
- mid
- late
- bloom
legume
specific type of plant
- roots that grow nodules and have relationship with microbes
- nitrogen fixation
standing plants roughages
- FIELD CURED
- crop residues
- CARBONACEOUS ROUGHAGES
examples of crop residues
what’s left after harvest
- corn stalks
- straw
carbonaceous roughages
- low protein
- Cp is less than 5-6%
what is an example of a carbonaceous roughage
straw
proteinaceous roughages
- dry roughages
- high protein
- CP greater than 9%
- relative to species
examples of proteinaceous roughages
- hays
- legume
- nonlegume
legumes protein level
higher
nonlegumes
immature grass
what are fresh roughages
pastures, range plants, and forages fed fresh
- all forage feed that are not cut or are cut
protein level of carbonaceous
low–> 4-6%
- Bermuda grass
protein level proteinaceous
- higher–> greater than 6%
- early vegetative
- wheat pasture
range land
out west
- often contains native plant species
- no weed control
- lower quality
silages (roughages)
- aerial parts of plants, chopped, and preserved
- carbonaceous
- proteinaceous
what are silages usually preserved in
- silos
- bunkers
- plastic wrap
- no sun curing or drying
how are high moisture forages stored
in oxygen limiting structure
when does fermentation occur with silages
28 days
what does corn silage and grass silage fall under
- carbonaceous
- roughage
what does alfalfa and clover silage fall under
- proteinaceous
- roughage
what do cows like the taste of
baleage
what is the most common silage
corn silage
what does TMR stand for
total mixed ration
what are the keys to silage production
- limit oxygen
- provide desirable environment for bacteria
what are the keys to making a desirable environment for bacteria
- forage moisture
- fitness of chop
- exclusion of air
- forage of sugar
inoculants
introducing bacteria
ensiling
o2 exclusion
Anaerobic bacteria
organic acids (drop pH)
-pickled or preserved wet
lag phase
as Oz gets used and closed off, some of the aerobic bacteria dies
fermentation phase
- producing acids
- anaerobic bacteria thrive
stable phase
acceptable to start feeding
