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Plant Diversity > Lecture 9 RH - Cosmopolitan and Economically Important Families > Flashcards

Lecture 9 RH - Cosmopolitan and Economically Important Families Flashcards

1
Q

Do monocots or dicots take over more cultivated land?

A

Monocots take over most of our cultivated land

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2
Q

What kind of plant is the apiaceae?

A

Dicot with 300 genera and 3000 species

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3
Q

What is the growth habit of apiaceae?

A

Herbs (mostly)

Shrubs (some)

Trees (few)

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4
Q

What does cosmopolitan mean?

A

Can be seen all around the world

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5
Q

Is apiaceae cosmopolitan?

A

Yes mainly North temperate

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6
Q

On what basis is umbelliferae named?

A

Based on the inflorescence (umbel=umbrella)

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7
Q

What is umbelliferae?

A

An apiaceae

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8
Q

How often do apiaceae flower?

A

Some are annual, biennial or perennial

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9
Q

What do the stems of apiaceae look like?

A

Generally hollow or internodal

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10
Q

What do the leaves of apiaceae look like?

A

Variable venation

Alternate

Simple/compound leaves

Sheathing at the base in some species

Aromatic

Some have stipules others don’t

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11
Q

Which more commonly have sheathing at the base of stipules, monocots or dicots?

A

monocots

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12
Q

What type of inflorescence do apiaceae have?

A

Single or compound umbel

Small flowers

Bisexual

Actinomorphic (radially symmetrical)

Highly reduced calyx

5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens

Inferior gynoecium

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13
Q

What is the floral formula of apiaceae?

A

K5 C5 A5 G(2)-

*- is above the 2

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14
Q

What type of fruit does apiaceae have?

A

Dry

Indehiscent schizocarop

Splits into 2 mericarps containing single seed which separate at maturity and are dispersed by wind

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15
Q

What do seeds of apiceae look like?

A

Oily endosperm

Contain fatty oils (Petroselinic acid)

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16
Q

What is the spotting characteristic of apiaceae?

A

Flowers arranged like an inverted umbrella

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17
Q

What is the growth habit of asteraceae families?

A

Herb (mostly)

Shrubs (rarely)

Trees (rarely)

Lianas/Vines (rarely)

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18
Q

What do the leaves look like in asteraceae?

A

Alternate or basal rosette (mostly), Opposite (some), Whorled (rarely)

Simple or compound

Lamina dissected or entire

Exstipulate (mostly) or stipulate (rarely)

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19
Q

What kind of defensive features do asteraceae have?

A

Milky latex which is toxic`

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20
Q

What are the distinguishing features of asteraceae flower?

A

Inflorescence is specialized and called florets.

Large receptacle which consists of many modified flowers and surrounded by bracts

Entire flower head is known as the capitulum

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21
Q

What is the shape of corymbose?

A

Umbel shaped

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22
Q

What is the shape of the racemose?

A

Unbranched

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23
Q

What is the difference between a ray floret and a tubular floret?

A

Tubular floret is typically located in the middle of the flower and is a perfect flower.

Ray floret is located on the edges of a flower and is more linear in shape

5 petals are fused at a time in tubular florets (some 4) whereas 2 are fused in a ligulate floret

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24
Q

What is a pappus?

A

Pappus is derived from the calyx and formed from bristles. It is a hairlike structure around flowers

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25
Q

What are the types of bristles?

A

Simple: like dandelions

Barbellate: Covered with barbs, hooks, or bristles

Plumose: Feather-like in appearance

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26
Q

What are the types of influorescence heads?

A

Radiate: Tubular and liguate florets. (Heterogamous)

Ligulate: Ligulate florets only (homogamous)

Discoid: Tubular florets only (homogamous)

Disciform: Inner tubular florets, outer florets differet but never ligulate (homogamous or heterogamous)

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27
Q

How do asteraceae typically reproduce?

A

They are usually gynomonoecious where the anthers form a tube around the style.

They are very rarely hermaphrodite, dioecious, andrioecious, gynodioecious, and polygamomonoecious

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28
Q

What can be said about the number of florets and composition of each floret in asteraceae?

A

Floret number varies from few to many

Florets are either homo or heterogamous depending on type of flower heads.

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29
Q

What do asteraceae fruit typically look like?

A

Seeds are indehiscent.

2 types of seed:

Cypsela (common) inferior achene

Drupe (rare)

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30
Q

A capitulum with heterogamous tubular florets are called?

A

disciform

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31
Q

What are the brassicaceae also known as?

A

Mustard family

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32
Q

What are the morphological features of brassicaceae?

A

Cross shaped based on flowers of 4 petals

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33
Q

What is the habit ofbrassicaceae?

A

Annual or perennial herb mostly with some shrub species

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34
Q

Where are brassicaceae plants located?

A

Temperate climates and in the northern hemisphere around the mediterranean and Asia.

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35
Q

Why is it important to be able to identify plants from their morphology?

A

Plants typically have toxic lookalikes and often some plants themselves are harmful to some people and not to others.

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36
Q

What is the typical floral formula for brassicaceae?

A

K4 C4 A6 G(2)_

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37
Q

What is the typical floral formula for brassicaceae?

A

K4 C4 A6 G(2)_

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38
Q

What is the leaf shape of brassicaceae?

A

Simple or dissected

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39
Q

What are some characters of brassicaceae leaves?

A

Sharp taste

Strong unpleasant odor when crushed

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40
Q

Why can the floral formula of brassicaceae be K4 C4 A4+2 G(2)_?

A

Because there are 4 long stamens and 2 short ones

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41
Q

What type of flowers do brassicaceae have?

A

Bisexual

Actinomorphic

Racemes

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42
Q

What type of flowers do brassicaceae have?

A

Bisexual

Actinomorphic

Racemes

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43
Q

What are the type of fruits that brassicaceae produce?

A

Siliques (long with heart shape)

Silicle (short)

Nut (rarely)

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44
Q

Are brassicaceae toxic?

A

None are toxic. Some cause allergic reactions to some people.

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45
Q

What is unique to brassicaceae?

A

Crucifix flowers

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46
Q

What are cucurbitaceae and what plants are part of this family?

A

The gourd family and it is characterized by cucumbers, pumpkins, etc

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47
Q

What are cucurbitaceae and what plants are part of this family?

A

The gourd family and it is characterized by cucumbers, pumpkins, etc

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48
Q

Why are cucurbitaceae bitter?

A

Produces glycosides as well as bitter tasting chemicals to ward off animals from eating it

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49
Q

What type of plants are cucurbitaceae?

A

Mostly vines in the tropics/sub-tropics

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50
Q

What do cucurbitaceae flowers look like?

A

Yellow or white

5 petals

Dioecious or monoecious

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51
Q

What type of fruit do curbitaceae produce?

A

Berries

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52
Q

Are cucurbitaceae toxic?

A

Not all but most are toxic

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53
Q

Which type of plants are fabaceae?

A

Legumes, peas, beans, pulse family

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54
Q

Which type of plants are fabaceae?

A

Legumes, peas, beans, pulse family

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55
Q

What type of plant are fabaceae?

A

Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas (vines)

56
Q

What arrangement do leaves of fabaceae follow?

A

Compound (trifoliate, bipinnate), or simple

Mostly stipulate with some exstipulate

Leaflets evolved

57
Q

What arrangement do leaves of fabaceae follow?

A

Compound (trifoliate, bipinnate), or simple

Mostly stipulate with some exstipulate

Leaflets evolved

58
Q

How do fabaceae grow themselves?

A

Spreads itself out using tendrils

59
Q

What do caesalpinioideae flowers look like?

A

Sepals are free, petals free, zygomomorphic

60
Q

What do mimosoideae flowers look like?

A

Sepals are fused

Petals are fused

Actinomorphic (globose inflorescence)

61
Q

What do papilionoideae flowers look like?

A

Sepals are fused

Petals are free and fused

Zygomorphic

62
Q

What do papilionoideae flowers look like?

A

Sepals are fused

Petals are free and fused

Zygomorphic

63
Q

What is the general structure of a flower of a plant form the fabaceae family?

A

Bisexual or unisexual flower (monoecious, andomonoecious, polymonoecious)

Zygomorphic

64
Q

What do fabaceae petals look like?

A

Variable in shape and size

Irregular formation

Imbricate in bud

Posterior petals united (=keel)

65
Q

What do fabaceae petals look like?

A

Variable in shape and size

Irregular formation

Imbricate in bud

Posterior petals united (=keel)

66
Q

What is the floral formula for fabaceae?

A

K5 C3, (2) A10 G1

It can also be:
K5 C2, (3) A10 G1

67
Q

What is the importance of fabaceae plants?

A

Very important for human nutrition (second most important plant product after grass family)

Soil nutrition is improved due to rhizobium bacteria

68
Q

What is the floral formula for liliaceae?

A

P3+3 A3+3 G(3)_

69
Q

What type of vegetation is liliaceae?

A

Primarily bulbaceous

Some herbaceous and mostly non-succulent

70
Q

What is unique to liliaceae?

A

It is composed of 6 tepals

71
Q

What can be said about the survivability of orchids?

A

They are very good at surviving in harsh conditions

72
Q

What makes apiaceae like monocots despite being dicots?

A

The stem is hollow

73
Q

How is the gynoecium of apiaceae oriented relative to the rest of the flower?

A

Inferior gynoecium with 2 carpels

74
Q

What kind of fruit do apiaceae produce?

A

Indehiscent schizocarp which separates into 2 mericarps at maturity.

75
Q

How are apiaceae fruit dispersed?

A

Wind

76
Q

What is the composition of apiaceae seeds like?

A

Oily endosperm and fatty oils

77
Q

What plant produces petroselinic acid?

A

It is one of the components of seed oily endosperm

78
Q

What type of fruit is fig?

A

Multiple fruit

79
Q

What family are figs a part of?

A

Moraceae

80
Q

What is a bract?

A

a bract is a leaf-like structure inferior to the sepals

81
Q

How do asteraceae reproduce?

A

Bisexual

Unisexual

Can also be sterile

Anthers form a tube around the style females florets are ligulate

82
Q

What kind of fruit do asteraceae typically produce?

A

Crypsela which is an inferior achene

Rarely they produce drupes

83
Q

Do discoid inflorescences have heterogamous tubular florets?

A

No only disciform inflorescences do

84
Q

Why do fabaceae tend to have tendrils?

A

Fabaceae produce tendrils because they are typically vines

85
Q

Brassicaceae floral formula:

A

K4 C4 A6 G(_2)

86
Q

What subfamilies does the fabaceae family contain?

A

Caesalpinioideae: Sepals free, petals free, zgomorphic/

Mimosoideae: Sepals fused, petals fused, actinomorphic

Papilionoideae (aka faboideae)

87
Q

What is the gender of fabaceae flowers and what is the symmetry?

A

Bisexual (hermaphroditic)

Unisexual (monoecious or polymonoecious)

Zygomorphic symmetry

88
Q

How is the flower arranged in fabaceae?

A

5 fused sepals

5 fused or free petals.

10 stamens

Erect pendulous clusters

89
Q

What do flowers of caesalpinioideae look like?

A

Sepals and petals are free and they are zygomorphic

90
Q

What do mimosoideae flowers look like?

A

Sepals are fused and petals are fused.

Flower is actinomorphic

Looks like a coloured dandelion (globose inflorescence)

91
Q

What do papilionoideae (faboideae) look like?

A

Look like a typical fabaceae flower with fused sepals and petals free and fused

Zygomorphic

Looks like a folded structure

92
Q

How are faboideae petals free and fused?

A

Keel is made up of fused petals whereas the other petals are free or fused

93
Q

What is the typical floral formula for lilidaceae?

A

P3+3 A3+3 G(3_)

94
Q

How do lilidaceae plants grow?

A

They are bulbous plants that form from bulbs

95
Q

Are lilidaceae monocots or dicots?

A

Monocots

96
Q

What is typical lilidaceae morphology like?

A

Actinomorphic

Bisexual (in most) or unisexual (in few)

6 tepals, free or fused, in 2 whorls of 3’s

97
Q

What are some important representatives of lilidaceae?

A

Hyacinth (in perfumes)

98
Q

What is unique to lilidaceae?

A

6 tepals

99
Q

What is the largest plant family of them all?

A

Orchidaceae

100
Q

What are the most importnat orchidaceae subfamilies?

A

Epidendroideae

Orchideae

101
Q

Are orchids monocots or dicots?

A

Monocots

102
Q

What are some orchidaceae plants that are consumed by people?

A

Vanilla

103
Q

What are some abnormal features of orchidaceae?

A

Some species lack leaves: Achlorophyllous and instead are mycoheterotrophic

104
Q

How do orchidaceae that lack chlorophyll survive?

A

They use fungi in order to extract nutrients from other sources.

105
Q

How are orchid flowers typically arranged?

A

Single or racemose inflorescence: racemes, spikes, panicles, headlike, umbellate.

Distichous or spirally arranged

106
Q

What do orchidaceae flowers look like?

A

Most orchids are zygomorphic, with the exception of a few.

3 petaloid sepals, free or fused

3 petaloid parts in inner whorl: 2 petals and 1 modified labellum

Inferior ovary

1-3 stamens

Pollen is released as single grains

Filaments are fused to the style

107
Q

What is the orchid’s floral formula?

A

K3 C3 A1 G(-3) *A1 and G(-3) are joined.

*(-3) indicates a fused superior ovary

108
Q

How do orchid’s reproduce?

A

They rely on insect deception where an insect mates with a dud flower part and ejaculates into the orchid and as a result collects pollen

109
Q

What do fruit of orchids look like?

A

Dehiscent, capsule with 3 - 6 horizontal slits

Small seeds that are less that 5mm in diameter

Non endospermic and rely on exogenous nutrient sources as well as symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi and beneficial bacteria

110
Q

What is unique to orchidaceae?

A

Modified leaves, petals, and seeds

111
Q

Why is poaceae so economically important?

A

It provides 3/4 of our food (starch, alcohols, sweeteners)

112
Q

What is the floral formula of poaceae?

A

P2 A3 G(2_) (inferior ovary)

113
Q

What kind of plants are poaceae?

A

Grasses

114
Q

How are poaceae so successful?

A

They reproduce sexually using abundant floret masses

They are wind pollinated and seed dispersal is dependednt on wind

They have asexual vegetative characteristics such as the ability to regenerate from blade base and stolon/rhizome expansion (clonal population)

Adaptations in carbon fixation (C3 grasses during cool season and C4 during hot season)

115
Q

What are some important subfamilies for poaceae?

A

Bambusoideae (bamboo and rice)

Pooideae (wheat, barley, oats)

Chloridoideae (Windmill)

Panicoideae (Maize, sorghum, sugar cane)

116
Q

What is the inflorescence like in poaceae?

A

Spikelet. (each spikelet contains single or mutliple florets)

Some florets are fertile and others are sterile

The floret is covered by 2 bracts

117
Q

What do florets look like in poaceae?

A

Bisexual or polygamous

Additional inner scales/bracts: 1 upper palea and 1 lower lemma

Hair/bristle appendages

118
Q

What is the composition of the androecium?

A

3 or 6 stamens; 3 is the most common case

119
Q

What is the composition of the gynoecium?

A

Single compound pistil

2 or 3 carpels

Equal number of styles with feathery stigma

Superior ovary

1 locule with 1 ovule

120
Q

What type of fruit do poaceae produce?

A

Caryposis aka Grains

Simple, dry fruit

indehiscent

Formed from a single carpel

Pericarp fused with thin seed coad

121
Q

What is nutrition like in poaceae?

A

High in complex carbs, low in fat

122
Q

What is the floral formula of typical rosaceae?

A

K5 C5 A∞ G1-∞

123
Q

What type of inflorescence do rosaceae have?

A

solitary or multiple

124
Q

What is the vegetative arrangement of rosaceae?

A

Simple (mostly)
Compound (pinnate

Alternate (mostly)

Stipulate (mostly)
exstipulate (some)

125
Q

What do flowers look like in rosaceae?

A

5 petals and 5 sepals joined on a receptacle (some have bracts

Cup like appearance

Many stamens

1-many styles

126
Q

What are the 3 main subfamilies?

A

Pomoideae (Maloideae) which is the apple sufamily

Prunoideae which forms drupes that are single seeded and simple

Rosoideae which produce aggregate, achenes or druplets

127
Q

What causes the browning of apples?

A

polyphenol oxidase enzyme

128
Q

What inhibits activity of polyphenol oxidase?

A

Acidity which results from lemon addition or vinegar addition.

129
Q

What is the solonaceae family?

A

Potato or nightshade family

130
Q

What is the habit type of solonaceae?

A

Herb

Shrub

Trees

Vines (often prickly)

131
Q

Are solonaceae toxic?

A

Most are

132
Q

What is the floral formula of solonaceae?

A

K(5) C(5) joined to A5 G(2_) (inferior ovary)

133
Q

What is the fruit type of solonaceae?

A

Capsule (common)

Berry (common)

Drupe (rare)

134
Q

What do seeds of solonaceae look?

A

Many scattered within the fruit

135
Q

What is the problem of cultivating cosmopolitan families?

A

Damage is done to plant diversity

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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