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Plant Diversity > Lecture 6 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 6 DA Flashcards

1
Q

Why are angiosperms so successful (3)?

A

Because their seeds are protected and they have fast lifecycles. They also have an efficient vascular system.

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2
Q

Do phloem of angiosperms undergo photosynthesis?

A

Yes.

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3
Q

How do gymnosperms spread pollen, and how do angiosperms improve on this?

A

Gymnosperms use the wind, while angiosperms developed ways to attract pollinators.

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4
Q

How can angiosperms attract pollinators (4)?

A

Nectar rewards, pheremones, flower architecture and mimicry. The mimicry will be specific to mimic certain species.

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5
Q

How are seeds of angiosperms dispersed (4)?

A

By wind, adapted in structure/size.
Water - seed with hydrophobic/philic properties.
Attracting animals - mammals/birds etc

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6
Q

What are some adaptations of angiosperms (4)?

A

Resistance to drought, salinity, and temperature. Protection from herbivores.

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7
Q

What are the two classifications of angiosperms? Which group has more?

A

Monocots

Dicots -> more

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8
Q

Regarding the seed, what differentiates dicots from monocots?

A

Monocots only have 1 seed embryonically, which sprouts as one unit. The seed doesnt split open.
In dicots, the seed splits open, and as the shoot sprouts, will push it up, out the soil.

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9
Q

What are cotyledons, and how are they different in monocots vs dicots?

A

It is an embryonic leaf.
In monocots, there is only one, which remains under the soil.
In dicots, they have two, and they get pushed up as the shoot sprouts.

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10
Q

Regarding floral parts, how are dicots and monocots different?

A

Monocot floral parts are usually 3 or in multiples of 3.

Dicots have 4 or 5, or multiples of them.

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11
Q

What are dicot leaves like versus monocot ones (3)?

A

Monocot leaves have parallel veins, are thinner and will bend more.
Dicots are thicker, and have more structure due to more veins. They are netlike rather than parallel.

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12
Q

What are the pollen grains of monocots like relative to dicot ones?

A

Monocot pollen have one pore or furrow in them.

Dicots have 3.

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13
Q

What is the vascular distribution like in dicots versus monocots? What does the dicot arrangement allow them to do and produce?

A

Monocots have vascular bundles distributed evenly in the ground tissue of stems.
Dicot bundles are arranged in a ring around the periphery of the stem.
The dicot arrangement allows them to develop secondary growth there, making bark.

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14
Q

What are the roots of dicots and monocots like? What are their advantages?

A

Monocots have a more fibrous root system, allowing them to spread out. They are anchored better.
Dicots can grow taller and wider, so use taproots that grow deep.

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15
Q

What do magnolias have that links them to gymnosperms?

A

Cone shaped stigmas.

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16
Q

Do any dicots have parallel venation?

A

No, only monocots do.

17
Q

What are the leaf margins of dicots and monocots like?

A

Monocots have simple and entire margins.

Dicots have complex and varied margins.

18
Q

What are stipules and which division are they found in, and what can they have in addition to this? What is the other group’s equivalent structure?

A

Stipules are found in dicots. Can also have a stalk called a petiole, which is not always found.
Monocots have sheaths instead, and covers around the main stem.

19
Q

What is the typical leaf arrangement of monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots have simple leaves, undivided and single.

Dicots can have bipennate and tripennate compound leaves.

20
Q 
What is the structure of the following arrangements:
Simple
Once compound
Bicompound/bipennate
Tricompound/tripennate
A
  • Simple - one leaf off the stalk.
  • Once compound - branch off the main stem, covered in single leaves (1 branch before reaching the leaves).
  • Bipennate - branch off the main stem, which has branches coming off it, covered in leaves (2 branches before reaching the leaves).
  • Tripennate - Main stem has branches on it, which have branches coming off them. These smaller branches are also branched, each covered in leaves (3 branches before reaching the leaves).
21
Q

Are tripennate leaf arrangements common? Which division are they mostly found in?

A

They are rare, mostly in dicots.

22
Q

What is the purpose of leaf fragrance (3)?

A
  • Deters predators from eating leaves, which are exposed.
  • Plays a role in attracting pollinators.
  • Protects against water loss, allowing it to survive against heat and the cold.
23
Q

What are some stem modifications (4)?

A

Thorns
Cladodes
Tendrils
Cladophylls

24
Q

What are some leaf modifications (4)?

A

Spines
Bracts
Tendrils

25
Q

What are some petiole modifications (1)?

A

Phyllodes

26
Q

What is are advantages of modification to stems, leaves etc (10)?

A 
Reduces water loss
Improves photosynthesis
Aids water transport
Increases nutrient uptake
Environmental protection
Parasite repellent
Sunlight competition
Storage
Insect traps
Pollen attractant
27
Q

Do monocots and dicots have a mesophyll?

A

Only monocots.

28
Q

Which have more stomata, dicots or monocots?

A

Dicots.

29
Q

Are monocots more sensitive than dicots?

A

No, dicots are more sensitive. Monocots can survive harsher environments.

30
Q

Which of dicots or monocots have a bigger stem?

A

Dicots.

31
Q

What does the vascular bundle arrangement of dicots allow the plant to make?

A

Creates a cambia. As it grows, replaces the epidermic with a corky layer, bark.
Not found in monocots.

32
Q

Is the pith and cortex of a dicot and monocot clearly distinguished?

A

Dicots only.

33
Q

Do both dicots and monocots form annual rings?

A

Dicots only.

34
Q

What is the difference in the pericycle between dicots and monocots?

A

Monocots have a wide pericycle, dicots have a small one.

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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