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Plant Diversity > Lecture 11 RH > Flashcards

Lecture 11 RH Flashcards

1
Q

What are some biotic stress factors that affect plants?

A

Weeds- endemic vs invasive (different categories)

Pests and diseases (flowering trees and seed bearing trees)

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2
Q

How are weeds controlled?

A

Biological: Includes using animals or other natural enemies to feed on the weeds.

Cultural: Farming systems

Physical: Mulching, hand removal

Chemical: Herbicides

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3
Q

What are some abiotic stress factors?

A

Drought

Floods

Salinity (evaporation of water from the soil could be problematic)

Low nutrient soils (Australia has a problem with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen)

Fire (Australia has severe fires in summer and autumn)

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4
Q

Why do some plants have mycorrhizal association?

A

Increases nutrient uptake

Fungus brings in usable nutrients to the plant

Plant breaks down fungus, and obtains nutrients

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5
Q

What are the factors affected by fire?

A

Physical properties

Chemical properties

Nutrients (decrease in potassium and calcium levels in the soil)

Soil temperature

Soil moisture

Soil biota

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6
Q

What are adaptations that plants have to regular fires?

A

Resprouters grow from burned trunks

Reseeders produce more trees. (Some seed testa are so rigid that fire is necessary for them to emerge)

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7
Q

How are resprouters adapted to fires?

A

Rapidly developing buds are formed (At the terminal and can either be naked or have accessories)

Bark produced (some buds form under bark stimulated by hormones during dry seasons)

Underground organs such as lignotubers and tubers

Resprouters use mycorrhizal associations

Other adaptations include scleromorphology adaptations

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8
Q

When does the red bean orchid flower?

A

After fires

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9
Q

What do naked buds do?

A

Stalked buds in leaf axils with 1 - 3 per axil.

These buds develop with terminal buds reestablishing canopy cover quickly.

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10
Q

What do accessory buds do?

A

Secondary buds formed near primary buds

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11
Q

What is the benefit of having bark?

A

Increases the thickness of the wood and charred bark is shed

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12
Q

What does bark contain that can be used by humans?

A

Oils (Eucalypts)

Tannins (eg Redwoods)

Sap

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13
Q

What are lignotubers?

A

Bulbous mass of buds:

Large woody stem swelling

Basal stem tuber bearing many buds

Embedded in bark

Above or below ground

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14
Q

What are tubers?

A

Underground storage organs and is deep in soild making it protected from fire.

They are normally used for asexual reproduction for regeneration and is dependent on time of fire.

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15
Q

Which trees typically form lignotubers?

A

Eucaypts (mostly Mallee eucalypts)

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16
Q

What is the function of lignotubers?

A

They persist throughout the life of plants and are important to fire response and environmental stress response

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17
Q

What is serotiny?

A

Cones can withstand wildfire. Extreme temperatures open cones and distribute seeds

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18
Q

What happens to leaf morphology in response to fires?

A

They become hard and rigid with short internodes.

Small plant size

Sclerenchyma tissue is abundant in leaves

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19
Q

What is the origin of scleromorphology?

A

Probably evolved on margins of rainforest communities in heath vegetation

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20
Q

What are some water conservation strategies for plants?

A

Small air spaces

Less stomata

Sunken stomata

Small vascular bundles

Fewer vascular bundles

Usually only mesophyll present (no palisade cells)

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21
Q

What is required for germination of new plants?

A

Testa rupture

Water uptake

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22
Q

What treatments can increase germination?

A

Temperature: Heat

Physical abrasion

Nutritional smoke water, mycorrhiza

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23
Q

What does burning vegetation do to stimulate seed germination?

A

Produces cyanohydrins that liberate cyanide and stimulate seed germination

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24
Q

What are the largest angiosperm families in Australia?

A

Fabaceae 12% (dicot Acacia)

Myrtaceae 9.3% (Dicot Corymbia)

Asteraceae 8.0% (Dicot Goodenia)

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25
Q

What are Casuarinaceae?

A

She-Oaks which form trees or shrubs

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26
Q

What do causuarinaceae leaves look like?

A

Reduced to fused teeth on stems

Number of teeth around the stem are diagnostic of

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27
Q

How are casuarinaceae geographically separated?

A

Northerly form casuarina

Southerly form Allocasuarina

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28
Q

How are casuarinaceae pollinated?

A

Wind pollination

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29
Q

What do casuarinaceae fruit look like?

A

Woody cone. Bracts become woody (fire resistant)

Seeds are released when desiccated

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30
Q

What type of flowers do casuarinaceae produce?

A

Males: 1 bract 2 scale like perianth parts and 1 stamen

Females: 1 bract, 2 bracteoles, ovary of 2 carpels, 2 long reddish styles

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31
Q

What are chenopodiaceae?

A

Saltbushes

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32
Q

What kind of habitat do chenopodeaceae live in?

A

Saline habitats, coastal vegetation

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33
Q

What kind of vegetation do chenopodiaceae have?

A

Shrubs or herbs

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34
Q

What are the vegetative characteristics of chenopodiaceae?

A

Leaves are simple, alternate or clustered, exstipulate

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35
Q

What do chenopodiaceae flowers look like?

A

5 persistent sepals (swelling at fruiting into wings or spines or fleshy)

5 stamens

Superior ovary

K(5) C0 A5 G(2_)

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36
Q

What do chenopodiaceae fruit look like?

A

Dry cluster of follicles

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37
Q

What type of flowers are hibbertia representative of?

A

Dilleniaceae

38
Q

Where are dilleniaceae typically found?

A

Tropical forests

39
Q

What kind of vegetation does dillenaceae have?

A

Small Shrubs

40
Q

What kind of inflorescence do dillenaceae form?

A

Solitary, often axillary:
Bisexual

Actinomorphic

5 free sepals, 5 free petals, few-numerous stamens, free or partly fused at base, some staminoides

41
Q

What is the floral formula of dillenaceae?

A

K5 C5 A10 G(2_)

42
Q

What kind of fruit do dillenaceae form?

A

Cluster of follicles

43
Q

Where are epacridaceae located?

A

Southern hemisphere

44
Q

What do epacridaceae look like?

A

Similar to Ericaceae

Medium tall shrubs

Leaves are simple, hard, mucronate, and have parallel veins

45
Q

What are the floral characteristics of epacridaceae?

A

5 sepals (free or fused)

5 petals (free or fused)

5 stamens

Superior ovary (4 - 5 carpels)

1 - 10 locules

Common formula K(5) C(5) A5 G(5_)

46
Q

What do epacridaceae fruit look like?

A

Woody capsule or succulent drupe

47
Q

What do mimosoideae look like?

A

Bipinnate (ferny when young)

Phyllodes or spines (some) when old

48
Q

Where are Mimosoideae located?

A

South America, Australia, Africa

49
Q

What are the floral characteristics of mimosoideae?

A

Prominent stamen

Tightly packed flowers

Globular head or spikes

Floral formula: K4-5 C4-5 Ainf G1_

50
Q

What kind of fruit do Mimosoideae produce?

A

legumes (hard seeded)

51
Q

What are faboideae?

A

Pea plants

52
Q

What is the lamiaceae family?

A

Mint family

53
Q

What do lamiaceae produce as vegetation?

A

Shrubs and herbs (aromatic)

Leaves are simple, opposite or whorled, extipulate

54
Q

What are lamiaceae floral characteristics?

A

5 sepals (fused)

4 - 5 petals (fused)

corolla is tubular, deeply lobed, and often 2 lipped

2 or 4 stamens, epipetalous, sometimes pairs of unequal length

Superior ovary

K(5) C(5) A2 or 4 G(2_)

55
Q

What kind of fruit do lamiaceae produce?

A

4 achene-like nutlets

56
Q

What is a unique feature to lamiaceae?

A

Fruit have 4 fruitlets

57
Q

What is a common feature of all myrtaceae?

A

Woody with essential oils

Aromatic foliage when crushed

58
Q

Where are myrtaceae located?

A

Mainly the Southern Hemisphere (Endemic to Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, Timor, and Philippines)

59
Q

Which genus is in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

Myrtus

60
Q

What kind of flowers do myrtaceae have?

A

Actinomorphic

Bisexual

4 - 5 sepals that are free

4 - 5 petals that are free

2 - 10 carpels that are united

61
Q

What kind of fruit do myrtaceae produce?

A

Dry, capsules in Southern Australian genera

Fleshy, berries in Northern Australian genera

62
Q

Where are eucalypts located?

A

South East Australia

Dominate forests

Confined mainly to higher rainfall coastal regions

63
Q

What do flowers of myrtaceae look like?

A

Actinomorphic

Bisexual

4 - 5 sepals and petals that are usually free

Numerous stamens, 5 or 10

2 - 10 carpels, commonly 5, united

64
Q

What kind of plants are myrtaceae?

A

All species are woody with essential oils

65
Q

What do fruits of myrtaceae look like?

A

Dry, capsules in South Us

Fleshy, berries in North Aus

66
Q

Why is it hard to identify eucalyptus using leaf morphology?

A

As seedlings they have opposite leaves and as adults they become alternating.

Leaf shape is variable

67
Q

What type of bark do eucalyptus have?

A

Decorticating: Shedding exposes smooth trunk and is shed seasonally in scales/broad plates/strips/ribbons

Persistent: Retains bark, rough bark

68
Q

What is a unique feature of eucalypt fruit?

A

The operculum forms a cup

69
Q

What kind of fruit do eucalypts produce?

A

capsules (valves that open when seeds mature)

70
Q

In Eucalyptus, the bark type that is a seeder rather than a resprouter is the?

A

Gum

71
Q

Name some Myrtaceae genera:

A

Acmaena (lilly pilly)

Angophora (apple box)

Callistemon (bottle-brush)

Leptospermum (tea tree)

Melaleuca (paper bark)

Tristania (brush box)

72
Q

What is the common name of melaleuca?

A

Paper barks

Honey myrtle

73
Q

How many species are there of melaleuca?

A

~150

74
Q

What do flowers look like in melaleuca?

A

Stamens in 5 bundles

75
Q

What kind of flowers to callistemon have?

A

Flowers form masses on inflorescence and are terminal at the end of branches.

*Look like dandelions that are pink and going around the stem in a whorled fashion at several points

76
Q

How are stamens arranged on callistemons compared to melaleuca?

A

Melaleuca have stamens that split at the end of the styles.

Callistemons have several stamens that don’t branch

*this has to be done on a microscope

77
Q

What are spider families also known as?

A

proteaceae

78
Q

What do flowers look like in proteaceae?

A

they look like cones and are found on spikes

4 petal-like tepals

4 stamens

1 long protruding carpel

79
Q

What do banksia trees look like?

A

Woody shrubs

Leaf are serrated ararnged in spirals and whorls

Flowers produce lots of nectar

Flowers are arranged on spikes

80
Q

What do rhamaceae flowers look like?

A

Clusters of true flowers subtended by bracts

4 - 5 sepals +-petals free, floral tube resemble tubular calyx.

inferior ovary

1 - 5 carpels

K(5) C(5) A5 G(-2)

81
Q

What family are rutaceae?

A

Citrus family

82
Q

What do rutaceae flowers look like?

A

4 - 5 sepals, free or fused

4 - 5 petals, free or fused (some Correa)

8 - 10 stamens in 2 whorls

5 - 5 carpels free at base fused at the top

Superior ovary

83
Q

What do rutaceae fruit look like?

A

Drupes with leathery outside

84
Q

Which Australian families are monocots?

A

Cyperaceae

Iridaceae

Junaceae

Xanthorrhoeaceae

85
Q

What do cyperaceae flowers look like?

A

Actinomorphic or zygomorphic

1 bract, 1 lemma, 1 palea

1 - 3 stamens free

Ovary superior, 2 carpels, 1 locular, 1 ovule, 2 styles, 2 stigma

P0-6 A1-3 G0

86
Q

What type of fruit do cyperaceae produce?

A

Dry caryopsis

87
Q

What do iridaceae flowers look like?

A

Bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic

6 tepals, free or fused, in 2 whorles of 3’s

3 stamens, on 1 side of style

Ovary inferior, 3 carpels, 3 locular

88
Q

What do junaceae flowers look like?

A

6 tepals in 2 whorls of 3’s

3 - 6 stamens, epipetalous

Ovary superior

P3+3 A3+3 G1_

89
Q

What type of fruit do junaceae produce?

A

Dry capsule

90
Q

What do xanthoraceae flowers look like?

A

Actinomorphic, bisexual

6 tepals, free or fused, in 2 whorls of 3’s

6 stamens

Ovary is superior, 3 carpels, 1 -3 locular

91
Q

What kind of fruit do xsanthoraceae produce?

A

Capsule or berry

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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