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Plant Diversity > Lecture 9 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 9 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 important plant families?

A 
Apiaceae
Asteraceae
Brassicaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Fabaceae
Liliaceae
Orchidaceae
Poaceae
Rosaceae
Solanaceae
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2
Q

Apiaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, umbellifers (carrots, dill, celery, anise etc).

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3
Q

Asteraceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, daisies.

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4
Q

Brassicaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, cabbages.

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5
Q

Cucurbitaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, curcurbits (pumpkins, cucumbers, zucchini etc).

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6
Q

Fabaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, legumes (peanuts, peas, lentils etc).

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7
Q

Liliaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Monocot, lilies.

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8
Q

Orchidaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Monocot, orchids.

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9
Q

Poaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Monocot, grasses.

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10
Q

Rosaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, roses.

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11
Q

Solanaceae, dicot or monocot? Give common name.

A

Dicot, nightshade/potato/tomato.

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12
Q

Between dicots and monocots, which has more representatives? Which takes more land to cultivate?

A

Dicots have more representatives, but monocots take more cultivated land.

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13
Q

What is the growth habit of apiaceae? Do they produce wood? What kind of plants are they?

A

Herbs mostly. No wood. Shrubs or trees mostly.

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14
Q

What is the vegetative morphology of apiaceae? What are the stems like?

A

Annual, biennial, or perennial.

Generally hollow stems or internodes.

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15
Q

What are apiaceae leaves like? Do they smell? What is distinctive of apiaceae?

A

Variable, alternate, upper leaves nearly opposite. Are simple/compound. Are armoatic, smell like aniseed, distinctive of this group.

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16
Q

What is the flower morphology of apiaceae?

A

Inflorescence

Simple or compound umbel, small flowers.

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17
Q

Are apiaceae hetero or bisexual? Are they zygomoprhic or actinomorphic?

A

They have bisexual flowers. Are actinomorphic.

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18
Q

What is the calyx of apiaceae like?

A

Highly reduced.

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19
Q

What is the floral formula for apiaceae? List the number of petals, sepals, inferior/superior gynoecium etc.

A

5 petals, sepals and stamens,
Inferior gynoceium, and 2 carpels.
Floral formula is K5 C5 A5 G(2) – 2 is overlined

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20
Q

What is the fruit of apiaceae like?

A

Dry, indehiscent schizocarp.

Splits to 2 mericarps containing a single seed, at maturity.

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21
Q

How are apiaceae seeds dispersed?

A

Wind.

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22
Q

What is the endosperm of apiaceae like, and why?

A

Oily, used to tap into nutrients before becoming photosynthetic.

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23
Q

What is the growth habit of asteraceae? Do they produce wood?

A

Herbs mostly, no wood.

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24
Q

What kind of plants are asteraceae?

A

Shrubs, trees, and rarely vines.

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25
Q

What is the leaf morphology of asteraceae?

A

Alternate, or basal rosette mostly, some opposite, or whorled, rarely. Simple or compound leaves.

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26
Q

Are asteraceae stipulate or exstipulate? What is the lamina like?

A

Exstipulate mostly, rarely stipulate.

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27
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of asteraceae?

A

Produces latex (milk).

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28
Q

What is the flower morphology of asteraceae? What is the entire flower head called?

A

Has unique modified flowers called florets, condensed on a receptacle. Flower head called capitulum.

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29
Q

What are the asteraceae flower heads surrounded by?

A

Bracts.

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30
Q

What ar the floret types for asteraceae? Where are each found, and what are they like?

A

Tubular (disc) or ligulate (ray)
Tubular - petals join up to become a corolla, mostly 5, sometimes 4.
Ligulate - petals join up to become a banner, 2 fused petals, called a ligule.
Ligular are on the outside rim, tubular on the inside.

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31
Q

Do asteraceae florets (both) have an inferior or superior gynoecium? Are they sessile?

A

Have inferior gynoecium, and are sessile, no stalk.

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32
Q

Are tubular florets perfect flowers? What about ligulate? Why?

A

Tubular florets are perfect, as they have both stamens and stigma.
Ligulate are not, because they are only female, no pollen.

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33
Q

What does the asteraceae family usually have? What is its purpose, and where is it derived from?

A

Papus, hair-like, allowing flight. Derived from the calyx.

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34
Q

What are heterogamous and homogamous flowers in asteraceae?

A

Heterogamous - has ligulate and tubular.

Homogamous - has ligulate only (ligulate) or tubulate only (discoid), not both.

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35
Q

Are the flowers of asteraceae unisex or bisex?

A

Can be bisex, unisex or sterile.

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36
Q

What are the fruit of asteraceae like?

A

Seeds are indehiscent, cypsela common, drupe is rare.

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37
Q

What is the habit of brassicaceae like?

A

Annual or perennial.

Herb mostly, in temperate climate.

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38
Q

What is the leaf shape, arrangements and characteristics of brassicaeae?

A

Simple or dissected.
Alternate or exstipulate.
Sharp taste, unpleasant odour.

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39
Q

What is the floral formula of brassicaceae?

A

K4 C4 A6 G(2) (2 is underlined)

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40
Q

What is the flower morphology of brassicaceae?

A

Bisexual, actinomorphic, has racemes.

Corolla has 4 petals, cross-like.

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41
Q

What is distinguishing of brassicaeae (flowers)?

A

Corolla has 4 petals, cross-like, and is distinct.

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42
Q

What is the fruit morphology of brassicaeae like?

A

Dry, dehiscent, 2 lateral valves, with central septum called replum.
Can be silque (long), silicle (short) or nut (rare).

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43
Q

What is the growth habit of curcurbitaceae?

A

Vines mostly, in tropic or subtropic.

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44
Q

What are the leaves of curcurbitaceae like?

A

Exstipulate, palmately lobed.

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45
Q

What are the flowers of curcurbitaceae like?

A

Yellow or white, 5 petals, dio or monoecious.

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46
Q

What are the fruit of curcurbitaceae like?

A

Fruits are berries - pepo.

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47
Q

What is the growth habit of fabaceae like?

A

Trees, shrubs, herbs, vines.

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48
Q

What is the leaf sharacteristics of fabaceae like?

A

Mostly alternate, some whorled or opposite.
Compound (trifoliate or bipennate) or some simple.
Stipulate mostly, some exstipulate.
Have tendrils.

49
Q

What are the three subfamilies of fabaceae?

A

Caesalpinioideae
Mimosoideae
Papilionoideae

50
Q

What are the floral characteristics of Caesalpinioideae?

A

Free sepals, free petals, zygomorphic

51
Q

What are the floral characteristics of Mimosoideae?

A

Fused sepals, petals fused to corolla, actinomorphic

52
Q

What are the floral characteristics of Papilionoideae?

A

Fused sepals, free petals and fused, zygomorphic

53
Q

What are the floral characteristics of fabaceae?

A

Bisex, or unisex.
zygomorphic
5 fused sepals, 5 free petals, and fused.
Have united posterior petal called keel.

54
Q

Whar are the structures of fabaceae flowers called?

A

1 upper petal called banner
2 adjacent petals called wings
2 bottom petals fused, called keel, containing fused or free stamen

55
Q

What is distinct of fabaceae (flower)?

A

5 fused sepals, 5 petals, free and fused.

56
Q

What are the fruit of fabaceae like (4)?

A

Legume mostly, follicle, achene, drupe.

Dry, dehiscent, split along 2 sutures.

57
Q

What are the most important and second most important families?

A

Poaceae

Fabaceae

58
Q

What is the vegetative morphology of liliaceae?

A

Habit - herbaceous, non succulent

59
Q

What is the flower structure of liliaceae?

A

Actinomorphic, mostly bisex, few unisex.
6 tepals, free or fused, 2 whorlsof 3’s.
Superior gynoecium.

60
Q

What are the fruits of liliaceae like?

A

Dehiscent capsule or berry.

61
Q

What is the largest flowering plant?

A

Orchidaceae.

62
Q

What are the habitats of orchidaceae like?

A

Very diverse, cosmopolitan, desert-glaciers etc.

63
Q

What are the growth habits of orchidaceae like?

A

herbaceous, perennial.

64
Q

What are the important subfamilies of orchidaceae?

A

Orchidaceae and epidendroideae

65
Q

What are the growth types of orchidaceae?

A

Sympodial, grows from many shoots - common.

Monopodial - grows from one shoot, less common.

66
Q

What are the leaf characteristics of orchidaceae?

A

Parallel veins, sheathed, exstipulate, simple.

Single or multiple, alternate on stems, spirally arranged, leathery.

67
Q

Do all orchidaceae have leaves?

A

No, some are achlorophyllous, rely on fungus (mycoheterotrophic).

68
Q

What are the leaf characteristics of orchidaceae?

A

Zygomorphic mostly, few actinomorphic.
3 petaloid sepals, free or fused,
3 petaloid sepals in inner whorl, 2 petals, 1 modified labellum.
Inferior gynoecium, 3 united carpels.

69
Q

How have the orchidaceae flwoers evolved?

A

Deception, mimicry, precopulatory flowers, entrapment.

70
Q

What is the fruit morphology of orchidaceae?

A

Dehiscent, capsule.

3-6 horizontal slits, seeds very small.

71
Q

How do orchidaceae disperse seeds?

A

Wind.

72
Q

Do orchidaceae seeds have endosperms? How do they get nutrients?

A

No, symbiotic with fungus.

73
Q

What is the growth habit of poaceae?

A

Annual, perennial.

74
Q

Which family is a major producer of oxygen?

A

Poaceae.

75
Q

Poaceae floral formula?

A

P2 A3 G(2) (underlined g2)

76
Q

What can be attributed to the ecological sucess of poaceae?

A

Asexual features - regeneration from blade.
Abundant floret masses produced.
Wind pollinated.

77
Q

What are some adaptation features of poaceae?

A

Leaf physiology, carbon fixation, C3 grasses for cool season, C4 for hot season.

78
Q

What are stoloniferous and rhizomatous stems, and which family uses them?

A

Used by poaceae, stoloniferous stems are above ground horizontal runners for vegetative reproduction.
Rhizomatous are the same, but below ground.

79
Q

What is the inflorescnece of a poaceae? What do they have?

A

Spikelet. Each has single or multiple florets.

80
Q

What are glumes, and for which family?

A

They are 2 bracts that cover the spikelet of poaceae.

81
Q

What are awns, and what family are they typically found on?

A

Hair/bristle like structures on poaceae

82
Q

What are palea, and lemma, and which family are they found? What are their positions relative to each other?

A

Palea is internal, and upper.
Lemma is lower and external.
They are both additional inner scales/bracts in poaceae.

83
Q

What are culms, and what family?

A

Hollow jointed stems, in poaceae.

84
Q

What are the leaf structure of poaceae?

A

Simple, long narrow leaf, growth from a base, and alternate.

85
Q

What venation do poaceae leaves have?

A

Parallel.

86
Q

Do poaceae exhibit sheathing?

A

Yes, sheathed base with overlapping margins.

87
Q

What are the ear-like growths of poaceae called?

A

Auricle.

88
Q

What is a ligule in poaceae?

A

Membranous appendage/hair.

89
Q

Do poaceae have a superior or inferior gynoecium?

A

Superior.

90
Q

What is the floral arrangement of poaceae?

A

Bisex mostly, maize are unisex.

91
Q

What is the fruit morphology of poaceae?

A

Simple, dry fruit, indehiscent, from a single carpel.

92
Q

What is a caryopsis?

A

Grain.

93
Q

What is unique to the poaceae family?

A

Caryopsis.

94
Q

Do the poaceae have a seed coat? What is its relation to the pericarp?

A

Yes, it is fused to the pericarp.

95
Q

What is the floral formula for rosaceae?

A

K5 C5 A∞ G1-∞

96
Q

What are the inflorescence types of rosaceae?

A

Solitary or multiple.

97
Q

What is the floral arrangement of rosaceae flowers?

A

Bisex.

98
Q

What is the floral structure of rosaceae?

A

5 petals, 5 sepals, joined on a receptacle.

99
Q

Do rosaceae have bracts?

A

They may, look like petals, and are cuplike.

100
Q

What is meant by hybridisation?

A

Multiple flowers.

101
Q

What are the three subfamilies of rosaceae?

A

Pomoideae
Prunoideae
Rosoideae

102
Q

What are the fruits of pomoideae like?

A

Pome, accessory fruit.

103
Q

What are the fruits of prunoideae like?

A

Drupe fruit

Single seeded, simple

104
Q

What are the fruits of rosoideae like?

A

Achene or drupelet fruit

Aggregate.

105
Q

What is the habitat type of solanaceae?

A

Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines, often prickly.

106
Q

Are solonaceae cosmopolitan?

A

Yes.

107
Q

Are all solanaceae toxic or edible?

A

Some parts are toxis, some are edible.

108
Q

What is the leaf morphology of solanaceae like?

A

Simple or compounded (ternate or pinnate), with hairy surface.

109
Q

What is the lamina of solanaceae like?

A

Dissected or entire.

110
Q

What is the leaf arrangement of solanaceae like?

A

Alternate, or subopposite.

111
Q

Are solanaceae stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Exstipulate.

112
Q

What ar ethe floral arrangements of solanaceae like?

A

Flower in 5’s, sometimes 3-9.

113
Q

Are solanaceae flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic?

A

Actinomorphic, sometimes zygomatic.

114
Q

What are the sepals and petals of solanaceae like?

A

Fused into a tube, calyx and corolla.

115
Q

What is the floral structure of solanaceae like?

A

Mostly bisex, rarely unisex.

116
Q

Do solanaceae have a superior or inferior ovary?

A

Superior.

117
Q

What is the fruit of solanaceae like?

A

Dehiscent or indehiscent.
Capsule and berry is common.
Drupes are rare.

118
Q

What is the floral formula o solanaceae?

A

K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2)
G2 is underlined
overline connecting C and A

119
Q

What is one of the most toxic families?

A

Solanaceae.

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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