Lecture 2 RH

Question 1

What does the light-dependent transfer of electrons from H2S to NADPH indicate?

Answer 1

Early photosynthesis

Question 2

What are the major evolutionary events that led to modern plants?

Answer 2

3. 5bya prokaryotes
4. 5bya eukaryotes

650mya multicellilar eukaryotes

475mya Sea to land

420mya Vacular plants

360mya Seed plants

125mya angiosperms

Question 3

What are streptophytes?

Answer 3

Collective group for the closest relatives to land plants.

This group includes the embryophytes

Question 4

What are embryophytes?

Answer 4

Embryo is protected

Question 5

What does it mean when plants are said to be monophyletic?

Answer 5

Every plant ultimately shares a common ancestor

Question 6

Why is it a big deal that plants developed vascular structures?

Answer 6

They are able to grow larger

Question 7

What are bryophytes?

Answer 7

All embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called “non-vascular plants”.

Question 8

What are the closest living relatives to land plants?

Answer 8

Charophytes are the closest living relative to land plants

Question 9

What happens to dominance in plants?

Answer 9

Evolution shows a gradual reduction in the length of time where gametophytes are dominant and an increase in time where sporophyte dominance.

Question 10

How are algae similar to early plants?

Answer 10

Algae are typically haploid like gametophytes which are dominant in early plants

Question 11

What are the types of bryophytes?

Answer 11

Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

Question 12

What are the male and female organs of plants?

Answer 12

arcigonium

antheridia

Question 13

When do bryophytes typically produce spores? Why?

Answer 13

When the weather is dry because fertilization relies on sperm reaching eggs via water droplets

Question 14

What does it mean when a plant is monoecious?

Answer 14

Antheridia and arcigonia can be on the same gametophyte

Question 15

What is the alternation of generations?

Answer 15

Alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte seen in plants

Question 16

What is the difference between the lineage of the bryophytes and the Pteridophytes? What does this mean?

Answer 16

Lineage which produced bryophytes branched early and didn’t give vascularity. Pteridophytes continued evolving to form gymnosperms and in turn angiosperms. (gymnosperms diverged and angiosperms formed separately)

They all have a common ancestor. (i.e algae)

Question 17

What are the characteristics of bryophytes?

Answer 17

They lack vascular tissue so they are small

Grow in clumps or masses

Capable of prolonged dehydration

Occur in moist habitats

Lack cuticle

Disperse via spores

Require water for sexual reproduction

Alternation of generations

Question 18

Which of the generations is dominant in bryophytes?

Answer 18

in bryophytes gametophyte is dominant and sporophyte is dependent.

Question 19

What features do bryophytes share with green algae?

Answer 19

They have dominant chlorophyl a+b and are photosynthetic.

They also store energy in the form of starch.

They have phragmoplast

Question 20

What is the largest moss?

Answer 20

Dawsonia Superba (dandenongs)

Question 21

What are the unique morphological details of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts?

Answer 21

Mosses are all leafy types.

Liverworts can be leafy or thalloid types

Hornworts are all thalloid types

Question 22

How are leaves arranged on the body of different bryophyte gametophyes?

Answer 22

arrangement of the leaves is either radial or dorsiventral in mosses

Dorsiventral in liverorts and hornworts

Question 23

How are the leaves arranged in different bryophyte gametophytes?

Answer 23

Spirally in mosses

In rows in liverworts

Question 24

What is the difference between sporophyte elongation in different bryophytes?

Answer 24

sporophyte elongation is slow in mosses and fast in liverworts,

Hornworts are pseudoelaters which means Moisture-sensitive cells produced in the sporangium of hornworts