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Plant Diversity > Lecture 8 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 8 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifecycle of an angiosperm like?

A

It is fast, flower in days and pollinate to produce fruit within weeks.

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2
Q

What is a stamen, and what does it contain?

A

Is the male part, contains pollen.

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3
Q

What is a stigma, and what does it contain?

A

Is the female part, leads to the ovary via the pollen tube.

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4
Q

What is the pollen tube?

A

Pollen enters here, leads to the ovary.

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5
Q

What is found in an angiosperm’s ovary?

A

Unfertilised ovule.

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6
Q

What is the androecium and gynoecium? Are they diploid?

A

Androecium - pollen
Gynoecium - Egg
Both haploid.

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7
Q

How is pollen formed?

A

Starts off as diploid, undergoes meiosis, forming 4 pollen grains or microspores.

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8
Q

Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid.

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9
Q

How is an angiosperm egg formed?

A

Starts as a megaspore, which is diploid, and undergoes meiosis. Produces 4 haploid cells, 3 degenerate (polar bodies), leaving only 1 viable cell. This undergoes mitosis 3 times to have 8 total.

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10
Q

Where are the egg cells of angiosperms found?

A

Within the embryonic sac. Two polar bodies found in the middle, alongside the other 8 eggs.

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11
Q

Are pollen specific?

A

Yes, so specific pollinators needed to be viable. Length of the stigma used for specificity.

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12
Q

What happen after pollination?

A

Pollen tube discharges 2 sperms, one fertilises the egg, another fuses with a polar body.

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13
Q

What is the endosperm? Why is it important?

A

A triploid bosy formed when a sperm fuses with a polar body after pollination. Allows the seed to tap into nutrients before photosynthetic capability with its cotyledon. Major evolutionary advantage.

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14
Q

What does the seed become?

A

Seed to fruit.

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15
Q

What does the ovule become?

A

Ovule to seed.

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16
Q

What does the integument become?

A

Integument to seed coat/testa.

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17
Q

What does the ovary wall become?

A

Ovary wall to fruit wall/pericarp/

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18
Q

What does the floral tube become?

A

Floral tube and perianth - may persist to form fruit wall.

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19
Q

What is a fruit?

A

Mature ovary-bearing seed.

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20
Q

What are the twomain ways of categorising fruit?

A
  • How it originates - multiple, aggregate or simple.

- Tissue type - fleshy/dry, single/multi-seeded, dehiscent/indehiscent.

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21
Q

What are the three types of carpels, and what do they form?

A
  • Monocarpous - single, most legumes
  • Syncarpous - many fused, most flowers
  • Apocarpous - many distinct fused
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22
Q

How does a simple fruit form?

A

2 ways:

  • Single carpel, from one ovary of monocarpous flower.
  • United carpel, from one ovary of syncarpous flower.
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23
Q

How does an aggregate fruit form?

A

From a cluster of simple fruits, from apocarpous flower.

Formed from a group of ovaries as a single receptacle.

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24
Q

How does a multiple fruit form?

A

Develops from many individual flowers.

Fuse together to form a single mass.

25
Q

What are 3 types of multiple fruits, and where are they derived from?

A

Strobilis - dry, cone-like fruit.
Synconus - fleshy fruit derived from the capitulum.
Sorosis - fleshy fruit derived from spikes.

26
Q

What is a drupe? Where does its different layers develop from?

A

Single seeded fleshy fruit. Hard endocarp, which is a seed. Mesocarp is flesh andd exocarp is skin.
Collectively the pericarp.

27
Q

What are the four types of simple, multiseeded fleshy fruits?

A
  • Pome
  • Berry
  • Pepo
  • Hesperidium
28
Q

What does a pome develop from?

A

Fruit forms from ovary wall and floral tube.

29
Q

What does a hesperidium develop from?

A

Ovary wall with leathery rind, skin has oils.

30
Q

What does a berry develop from?

A

Fleshy ovary wall.

31
Q

What does a pepo develop from?

A

Ovary wall is hard.

32
Q

What are the two kinds of dry fruit? How do they release seeds?

A

Dehiscent - opens to release seeds.

Indehiscent - doesnt open to release seeds.

33
Q

What dehiscent fruits are composed of 1 carpel?

A 
Follicle
Legume
Capsule
Porose
Circumscissile
Loculicidal
Valvate
Septicidal
34
Q

How does a follicle and legume fruit open?

A

Follicle - splits along one suture

Legume - splits along 2 sutures

35
Q

How does a capsule and porose fruit open?

A

Capsule - dehisce through pores, slits or valves

Porose - from pores

36
Q

How does a circumscissile and loculicidal fruit open?

A

Circumscissile - transverse split through centre, opens like a lid
Loculicidal - split along carpels or locules

37
Q

How do valvate and septicidal fruit open?

A

Valvate - tip of capsule splits

Septicidal - splits along edge of carpels or locules

38
Q

What dehiscent fruits are composed of more than one carpel? What are they like?

A

Siliqua - long slender pod

Silicula - short broad pod

39
Q

What are the three indehiscent fruit types?

A

Samara
Achene
Nut

40
Q

What is a samara like?

A

Pericarp is winglike.

41
Q

What is an achene like?

A

Fruit is small with a thin wall.

42
Q

What is a nut like?

A

Fruit is large with a thick stony wall.

43
Q

What are schizocarps? List the three types.

A

Carpels split at maturity, forming 1 seed unit called mericarp.
Lomentum
Cremocarp
Carcerulus

44
Q

What is a lomentum like?

A

Fruit splits transversely

45
Q

What is a cremocarp like?

A

Fruit from an inferior ovary, splits vertically into 2 mericarps.

46
Q

What is a carcerulus like?

A

Fruit from a superior ovary, splits vertically into 2 mericarps.

47
Q

What is a caryopsis? Give an example.

A

Seeds unite to pericarp all around - grains.

48
Q

What are seeds? Are they diploid or haploid?

A

Mature ovules, are diploid.

49
Q

That is the testa?

A

Seed coat.

50
Q

Where is the food reserve found? What do dicots and monocots use?

A

Known as the cotyledon, used mostly by dicots, larger seeds.

Monocots use endosperms.

51
Q

From seed to plant, what do the following turn into?
Cotyledon
Plumule
Radicle

A

Cotyledon - leaf
Plumule - shoot
Radicle - root

52
Q

How do plants undergo asexual reproduction?

A

Done by budding, or offshoots.

Are identical to the parent.

53
Q

Name 4 asexual reproduction methods in plants.

A
  • Modified stems
  • Parthenogenesis
  • Vegetative propagation
  • Tissue culture propagation
54
Q

What are some above ground vegetative propagation types (2)?

A

Runners

Weed

55
Q

What are some underground vegetative propagation types (4)?

A

Rhizomes
Tubers
Corm
Bulbs

56
Q

What are some forms of natural cloning?

A

Inbreeding

57
Q

What are some forms of artificial cloning?

A

Cuttings, tissue culture, genetic engineering.

58
Q

What is a disadvantage of cloning?

A

Lose the ability to flower, or cope with environmental changes.

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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