Lecture 8 DA

Question 1

What is the lifecycle of an angiosperm like?

Answer 1

It is fast, flower in days and pollinate to produce fruit within weeks.

Question 2

What is a stamen, and what does it contain?

Answer 2

Is the male part, contains pollen.

Question 3

What is a stigma, and what does it contain?

Answer 3

Is the female part, leads to the ovary via the pollen tube.

Question 4

What is the pollen tube?

Answer 4

Pollen enters here, leads to the ovary.

Question 5

What is found in an angiosperm’s ovary?

Answer 5

Unfertilised ovule.

Question 6

What is the androecium and gynoecium? Are they diploid?

Answer 6

Androecium - pollen
Gynoecium - Egg
Both haploid.

Question 7

How is pollen formed?

Answer 7

Starts off as diploid, undergoes meiosis, forming 4 pollen grains or microspores.

Question 8

Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?

Answer 8

Diploid.

Question 9

How is an angiosperm egg formed?

Answer 9

Starts as a megaspore, which is diploid, and undergoes meiosis. Produces 4 haploid cells, 3 degenerate (polar bodies), leaving only 1 viable cell. This undergoes mitosis 3 times to have 8 total.

Question 10

Where are the egg cells of angiosperms found?

Answer 10

Within the embryonic sac. Two polar bodies found in the middle, alongside the other 8 eggs.

Question 11

Are pollen specific?

Answer 11

Yes, so specific pollinators needed to be viable. Length of the stigma used for specificity.

Question 12

What happen after pollination?

Answer 12

Pollen tube discharges 2 sperms, one fertilises the egg, another fuses with a polar body.

Question 13

What is the endosperm? Why is it important?

Answer 13

A triploid bosy formed when a sperm fuses with a polar body after pollination. Allows the seed to tap into nutrients before photosynthetic capability with its cotyledon. Major evolutionary advantage.

Question 14

What does the seed become?

Answer 14

Seed to fruit.

Question 15

What does the ovule become?

Answer 15

Ovule to seed.

Question 16

What does the integument become?

Answer 16

Integument to seed coat/testa.

Question 17

What does the ovary wall become?

Answer 17

Ovary wall to fruit wall/pericarp/

Question 18

What does the floral tube become?

Answer 18

Floral tube and perianth - may persist to form fruit wall.

Question 19

What is a fruit?

Answer 19

Mature ovary-bearing seed.

Question 20

What are the twomain ways of categorising fruit?

Answer 20

• How it originates - multiple, aggregate or simple.

- Tissue type - fleshy/dry, single/multi-seeded, dehiscent/indehiscent.

Question 21

What are the three types of carpels, and what do they form?

Answer 21

• Monocarpous - single, most legumes
• Syncarpous - many fused, most flowers
• Apocarpous - many distinct fused

Question 22

How does a simple fruit form?

Answer 22

2 ways:

• Single carpel, from one ovary of monocarpous flower.
• United carpel, from one ovary of syncarpous flower.

Question 23

How does an aggregate fruit form?

Answer 23

From a cluster of simple fruits, from apocarpous flower.

Formed from a group of ovaries as a single receptacle.

Question 24

How does a multiple fruit form?

Answer 24

Develops from many individual flowers.

Fuse together to form a single mass.

Question 25

What are 3 types of multiple fruits, and where are they derived from?

Answer 25

Strobilis - dry, cone-like fruit. Synconus - fleshy fruit derived from the capitulum. Sorosis - fleshy fruit derived from spikes.

Question 26

What is a drupe? Where does its different layers develop from?

Answer 26

Single seeded fleshy fruit. Hard endocarp, which is a seed. Mesocarp is flesh andd exocarp is skin. Collectively the pericarp.

Question 27

What are the four types of simple, multiseeded fleshy fruits?

Answer 27

- Pome - Berry - Pepo - Hesperidium

Question 28

What does a pome develop from?

Answer 28

Fruit forms from ovary wall and floral tube.

Question 29

What does a hesperidium develop from?

Answer 29

Ovary wall with leathery rind, skin has oils.

Question 30

What does a berry develop from?

Answer 30

Fleshy ovary wall.

Question 31

What does a pepo develop from?

Answer 31

Ovary wall is hard.

Question 32

What are the two kinds of dry fruit? How do they release seeds?

Answer 32

Dehiscent - opens to release seeds. | Indehiscent - doesnt open to release seeds.

Question 33

What dehiscent fruits are composed of 1 carpel?

Answer 33

``` Follicle Legume Capsule Porose Circumscissile Loculicidal Valvate Septicidal ```

Question 34

How does a follicle and legume fruit open?

Answer 34

Follicle - splits along one suture | Legume - splits along 2 sutures

Question 35

How does a capsule and porose fruit open?

Answer 35

Capsule - dehisce through pores, slits or valves | Porose - from pores

Question 36

How does a circumscissile and loculicidal fruit open?

Answer 36

Circumscissile - transverse split through centre, opens like a lid Loculicidal - split along carpels or locules

Question 37

How do valvate and septicidal fruit open?

Answer 37

Valvate - tip of capsule splits | Septicidal - splits along edge of carpels or locules

Question 38

What dehiscent fruits are composed of more than one carpel? What are they like?

Answer 38

Siliqua - long slender pod | Silicula - short broad pod

Question 39

What are the three indehiscent fruit types?

Answer 39

Samara Achene Nut

Question 40

What is a samara like?

Answer 40

Pericarp is winglike.

Question 41

What is an achene like?

Answer 41

Fruit is small with a thin wall.

Question 42

What is a nut like?

Answer 42

Fruit is large with a thick stony wall.

Question 43

What are schizocarps? List the three types.

Answer 43

Carpels split at maturity, forming 1 seed unit called mericarp. Lomentum Cremocarp Carcerulus

Question 44

What is a lomentum like?

Answer 44

Fruit splits transversely

Question 45

What is a cremocarp like?

Answer 45

Fruit from an inferior ovary, splits vertically into 2 mericarps.

Question 46

What is a carcerulus like?

Answer 46

Fruit from a superior ovary, splits vertically into 2 mericarps.

Question 47

What is a caryopsis? Give an example.

Answer 47

Seeds unite to pericarp all around - grains.

Question 48

What are seeds? Are they diploid or haploid?

Answer 48

Mature ovules, are diploid.

Question 49

That is the testa?

Answer 49

Seed coat.

Question 50

Where is the food reserve found? What do dicots and monocots use?

Answer 50

Known as the cotyledon, used mostly by dicots, larger seeds. | Monocots use endosperms.

Question 51

From seed to plant, what do the following turn into? Cotyledon Plumule Radicle

Answer 51

Cotyledon - leaf Plumule - shoot Radicle - root

Question 52

How do plants undergo asexual reproduction?

Answer 52

Done by budding, or offshoots. | Are identical to the parent.

Question 53

Name 4 asexual reproduction methods in plants.

Answer 53

- Modified stems - Parthenogenesis - Vegetative propagation - Tissue culture propagation

Question 54

What are some above ground vegetative propagation types (2)?

Answer 54

Runners | Weed

Question 55

What are some underground vegetative propagation types (4)?

Answer 55

Rhizomes Tubers Corm Bulbs

Question 56

What are some forms of natural cloning?

Answer 56

Inbreeding

Question 57

What are some forms of artificial cloning?

Answer 57

Cuttings, tissue culture, genetic engineering.

Question 58

What is a disadvantage of cloning?

Answer 58

Lose the ability to flower, or cope with environmental changes.