Lecture 7 RH - Angiosperm Flowers Flashcards
What are single night flowers?
Big flowers that have colour in the middle.
What are some adaptations for night flowering?
Brownish/greenish colour
Some orchids flower at night and create a bad smell that insects seem to like
How long is Anthurium’s shelf life?
Anthurium can last up to 40 days
What is the function of the sepal?
The sepal has protective function as the bud is forming.
What is the function of the petal?
Protective and to attract pollinators
What are the non-reproductive parts of a flower?
Sepals (outermost covering)
Petals (usually attractive colouring and larger in size)
Tepal (when sepal and petals are similar in appearance)
What is a calyx?
Joined sepals (think of renal calyces to remember)
What is a corolla?
Petals joined together
What is a perianth?
Collectively sepalsand petals
Why do some perianth parts fuse?
For specialization
What does actinomorphic symmetry mean?
Radial symmetry and petals are usually similar
What does zygomorphic mean?
Bilaterally symmetrical
What is the difficulty of identifying floret symmetry?
They must be identified as individual heads rather than the inflorescence as a whole
What is a spadix?
Several fused flowers which have the appearance of one big flower.
What is the difference between polypetalous flowers, sympetalous flowers, and epipetalous flowers?
Polypetalous: Petals attached to receptacle and free
Sympetalous: Petals are fused
Epipetalous: Petals are fused to stamens.
What is the name of fused carpals?
Gynoecium
What is the name of fused stamens?
Androecium
What are the features of advanced flowers?
Carpels are fused to form 1 ovary and 1 stigma
What are the features of primitive flowers?
Carpels are free, and arranged in a spiral
Their reproductive parts have a cone-like appearance
What are the different possible ovary positions?
Epigynous flowers have inferior ovaries
Perigynous have superior ovary and androecium forming a floral tube
Hypogynous means ovary is superior and floral parts are below the ovary
What does K represent in the floral formula?
Sepals (Calyx)
What does C represent in the floral formula?
Petals (Corolla)
What does A represent in the floral formula?
Stamens (androecium)
What does G represent in the floral formula?
Carpels (Gynoecium)
What does P represent in the floral formula?
Perianth
When is P used for the floral formula?
When sepals and petals are indistinguishable (this is usually the case in monocots)
When are brackets used in the floral formula?
When the parts are fused
When is a joining line used in the floral formula?
When parts are joined to one another
What causes failed flowering?
Could be caused by maturity or species
Could be environmental and caused by temperature and light levels
Could be nutritional related to soil nutrients
What is the response of plants to different wavelengths?
Plants respond to cues related to day length.
Red light is responded to by flowering
Blue light is more easily absorbed and so is responded to by increasing chlorophyll production
What is a perfect flower?
A flower that is hermaphroditic and contains both sexes in 1 flower. Most flowers are like this
What is an imperfect monoecious flower?
Both sexes are on the same plant but on different flower
What is an imperfect dioecious flower?
Different plants have different sexes
What are the morphological differences between an inbreeder and an outbreeder?
Outbreeders focus on creating larger and more numerous flowers and more exacerbated features for pollinator attraction in order to make reproduction more easy.
In breeders focus less on making themselves attractive to pollinators. They have a shorter carpel than anthers.
What are cleistogamous flowers?
Flowers remain closed
They are self pollinated flowers
Eg. Peas, beans, orchids
What are chasogamous flowers?
Open flowers (“chase” the concept of being pollinated by making adaptations for it)
They require external sources for pollination
What are the types of chasogamous flowers?
Entemophilous flowers which rely on insects to be pollinated
Anemophilous flowers which rely on wind pollination
What are some identifying features of flowers?
Floral characteristics such as structure, arrangement, inflorescence configuration, and pollen morphology.
Fruit and seen characteristics such as embryo development and ovary.
Phytomorphology including visible features and vegetative characteristics
What are species defined by?
Morphological differences (Plants that look the same are same species)
Biological (reproductive isolation)
Genetic (genetic distance)
What are some alternative identification methods for angiosperms?
Associations
Mating compatibility
Nutritional requirements
Phytochemistry
Genetic testing is also used
What DNA is used for identification?
Nuclear
mtDNA
cDNA
