Lecture 7 RH - Angiosperm Flowers

Question 1

What are single night flowers?

Answer 1

Big flowers that have colour in the middle.

Question 2

What are some adaptations for night flowering?

Answer 2

Brownish/greenish colour

Some orchids flower at night and create a bad smell that insects seem to like

Question 3

How long is Anthurium’s shelf life?

Answer 3

Anthurium can last up to 40 days

Question 4

What is the function of the sepal?

Answer 4

The sepal has protective function as the bud is forming.

Question 5

What is the function of the petal?

Answer 5

Protective and to attract pollinators

Question 6

What are the non-reproductive parts of a flower?

Answer 6

Sepals (outermost covering)

Petals (usually attractive colouring and larger in size)

Tepal (when sepal and petals are similar in appearance)

Question 7

What is a calyx?

Answer 7

Joined sepals (think of renal calyces to remember)

Question 8

What is a corolla?

Answer 8

Petals joined together

Question 9

What is a perianth?

Answer 9

Collectively sepalsand petals

Question 10

Why do some perianth parts fuse?

Answer 10

For specialization

Question 11

What does actinomorphic symmetry mean?

Answer 11

Radial symmetry and petals are usually similar

Question 12

What does zygomorphic mean?

Answer 12

Bilaterally symmetrical

Question 13

What is the difficulty of identifying floret symmetry?

Answer 13

They must be identified as individual heads rather than the inflorescence as a whole

Question 14

What is a spadix?

Answer 14

Several fused flowers which have the appearance of one big flower.

Question 15

What is the difference between polypetalous flowers, sympetalous flowers, and epipetalous flowers?

Answer 15

Polypetalous: Petals attached to receptacle and free

Sympetalous: Petals are fused

Epipetalous: Petals are fused to stamens.

Question 16

What is the name of fused carpals?

Answer 16

Gynoecium

Question 17

What is the name of fused stamens?

Answer 17

Androecium

Question 18

What are the features of advanced flowers?

Answer 18

Carpels are fused to form 1 ovary and 1 stigma

Question 19

What are the features of primitive flowers?

Answer 19

Carpels are free, and arranged in a spiral

Their reproductive parts have a cone-like appearance

Question 20

What are the different possible ovary positions?

Answer 20

Epigynous flowers have inferior ovaries

Perigynous have superior ovary and androecium forming a floral tube

Hypogynous means ovary is superior and floral parts are below the ovary

Question 21

What does K represent in the floral formula?

Answer 21

Sepals (Calyx)

Question 22

What does C represent in the floral formula?

Answer 22

Petals (Corolla)

Question 23

What does A represent in the floral formula?

Answer 23

Stamens (androecium)

Question 24

What does G represent in the floral formula?

Answer 24

Carpels (Gynoecium)

Question 25

What does P represent in the floral formula?

Answer 25

Perianth

Question 26

When is P used for the floral formula?

Answer 26

When sepals and petals are indistinguishable (this is usually the case in monocots)

Question 27

When are brackets used in the floral formula?

Answer 27

When the parts are fused

Question 28

When is a joining line used in the floral formula?

Answer 28

When parts are joined to one another

Question 29

What causes failed flowering?

Answer 29

Could be caused by maturity or species Could be environmental and caused by temperature and light levels Could be nutritional related to soil nutrients

Question 30

What is the response of plants to different wavelengths?

Answer 30

Plants respond to cues related to day length. Red light is responded to by flowering Blue light is more easily absorbed and so is responded to by increasing chlorophyll production

Question 31

What is a perfect flower?

Answer 31

A flower that is hermaphroditic and contains both sexes in 1 flower. Most flowers are like this

Question 32

What is an imperfect monoecious flower?

Answer 32

Both sexes are on the same plant but on different flower

Question 33

What is an imperfect dioecious flower?

Answer 33

Different plants have different sexes

Question 34

What are the morphological differences between an inbreeder and an outbreeder?

Answer 34

Outbreeders focus on creating larger and more numerous flowers and more exacerbated features for pollinator attraction in order to make reproduction more easy. In breeders focus less on making themselves attractive to pollinators. They have a shorter carpel than anthers.

Question 35

What are cleistogamous flowers?

Answer 35

Flowers remain closed They are self pollinated flowers Eg. Peas, beans, orchids

Question 36

What are chasogamous flowers?

Answer 36

Open flowers ("chase" the concept of being pollinated by making adaptations for it) They require external sources for pollination

Question 37

What are the types of chasogamous flowers?

Answer 37

Entemophilous flowers which rely on insects to be pollinated Anemophilous flowers which rely on wind pollination

Question 38

What are some identifying features of flowers?

Answer 38

Floral characteristics such as structure, arrangement, inflorescence configuration, and pollen morphology. Fruit and seen characteristics such as embryo development and ovary. Phytomorphology including visible features and vegetative characteristics

Question 39

What are species defined by?

Answer 39

Morphological differences (Plants that look the same are same species) Biological (reproductive isolation) Genetic (genetic distance)

Question 40

What are some alternative identification methods for angiosperms?

Answer 40

Associations Mating compatibility Nutritional requirements Phytochemistry Genetic testing is also used

Question 41

What DNA is used for identification?

Answer 41

Nuclear mtDNA cDNA