Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Diversity > Lecture 10 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 10 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four kinds of australian habitats?

A

Tropical
Temperate
Alps
Desert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What vegetation dominates tropics? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - gymnosperms (araucaria)

Understory - shrubs, ferns, palms and mosses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What vegetation dominates temperate? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - eucalypt, acacia, casuarina, callitris, melaleuca

Understory - shrubs, grasses, annuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What vegetation dominates alps? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - treeless

Understory - heathland, herbfield, fen, bog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What vegetation dominates deserts? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - (same as temperate)

Understory - grasses and wildflowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some biotic stress factors?

A

Weeds - endemic vs invasive

Pests and diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List and describe 4 ways of weed control.

A

Biological - using natural predator to control wild numbers.
Cultural - using farming systems to grow more competitive plants.
Physical - mulching or manual removal/mowing/grazing etc.
Chemical - use of pesticides or herbicides, can affect nearby plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List 5 abiotic stress factors.

A 
Drought
Floods
Salinity
Low nutrient soils
Fire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is flooding a stress factor?

A

Soil becomes waterlogged, too much water means pathogens can rot roots, and cant absorb anything either. Also erosion and landslides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is salinity a stress factor?

A

Water cant be taken up due to sodium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is considered low nutrient soil?

A

Low phosphorous and nitrogen, as well as low minerals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can low nutrient soil be solved? Does Australia have low nutrient soils?

A

Crop rotation. Australia has low mineral nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What time are fires most prevalent and why? What part of Australia is most prone?

A

Summer - due to heat.
Autumn - due to thunderstorms.
Southeastern Australia more prone, probably because of all those spreading conifers they use as FUCKING FARM SHADE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe mycorrhizal association, as well as the symbiotic relationship.

A

Increases nutrient uptake by increasing surface area.

Fungus brings in usable nutrients to the plant, while the plant breaks the fungus down to absorb them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are some plants carnivorous?

A

To increase nutrient uptake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 ways of adapting to fires?

A

Resprouters and reseeders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are resprouters?

A

Regenerate after the fire, via the above region of the trunk, sprouting off the main stem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are reseeders?

A

Reproductive, releasing seeds after a fire.

Seeds stay closed, reductions in poisture or fires open them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of resprouters (4)?

A

Buds, bark, underground organs, and mycorrhizal associations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some examples of reseeders (2)?

A

Seeds, and fruits - serotiny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is scleromorphology?

A

Adaptations of leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are terminal buds located? What do they do?

A

Shoot tips. They grow when conditions are suitable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do terminal buds have a resting stage?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do terminal buds contribute to?

A

Rapid crown development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do epicormic buds develop? Why is this an advantage?

A

They shoot from underneath bark. Protects them from fire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do epicormic buds develop from?

A

Accessory bud strands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are epicormic buds active or dormant?

A

Normally dormant, suppressed by hormones from active shoots higher up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do naked buds develop with? What does this result in?

A

With terminal buds. Means rapid crown development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is rapid crown development so important?

A

Re-establishes canopy cover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are accessory buds?

A

Secondary buds found near primary buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are naked buds? Where are they found, and in what numbers?

A

Stalked buds in leaf axils.

1-3 per axil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do accessory buds form?

A

Reserve bud system. Repeated shoot development from multiple buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are acceessory buds used in response to?

A

Fire or insect damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is bark, and what can it protect against?

A

Outer layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does bark protect against fire?

A
  • Increased thickness - charred bark shed.
  • Deep furrowed bark.
  • Other properties such as oils, tannins, and sap.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Aside from bark, what are 3 other mechanisms against fire?

A

Underground organs
Mycorrhizal associations, with fungi/bacteria
Tubers and lignotubers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are lignotubers?

A

Bulbous mass of buds.

Are a basal stem tuber bearing many buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are lignotubers embedded in?

A

Bark.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Are lignotubers above or below ground?

A

Can be either.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are lignotubers persistent or do they die?

A

Persist through a plant’s life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are lignotubers used for?

A

Fire or environmental stress response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Are lignotubers fire resistant?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are tubers?

A

Underground storage organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where are tubers found? Why?

A

Deep in the soil, protected from fire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What kind of reproduction do tubers contribute to? For what purpose? What does this depend on?

A

Asexual, regeneration for the following year. Depends on the time of the fire in the plant’s lifecycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is serotiny?

A

Seeds released in response to stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What can induce serotiny (5)?

A

Fire, water drought, sun, drying, and parental death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In serotiny, do the cones withstand the fire, or do they burn?

A

They withstand the fire, the heat induces them to open.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are some leaf adaptations to dry conditions (5)?

A 
Contains sclerophyll
Small, hard, rigid leaves
Short internodes
Small plant size
Sclerenchyma tissue abundant in leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are some water conserving leaf adaptations (6)?

A 
Small air spaces
Fewer stomata
Sunken stomata in epidermis
Small vascular bundles
Fewer vascular bundles
Usually only mesophyll present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is neccessary for germination?

A

Ruptured seed testa and water uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What treatments can be used to increase germination (5)?

A

Temperature - heat
Physical abrasion
Nutrition, smoke water, mycorrhizal associations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the largest angiosperm family in Australia?

A

Fabaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Are casuarinaceae dicots or monocots?

A

Dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are casuarinaceae habits?

A

Trees or shrubs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What do casuarinaceae resemble?

A

Very pinelike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a way of differentiating casuarinaceae?

A

They have reduced or fused teeth on stems, the number of teeth are diagnostic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are male and female casuarinaceae flowers called?

A

Male - catkins

Female - globular heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How do casuarinaceae pollinate?

A

Wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the fruit of casuarinaceae like?

A

Woody cones, fire resistant

Releases seeds when dessicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the casuarinaceae common name?

62
Q

What is the chenopodiaceae common name?

A

Saltbushes

63
Q

Where do chenopodiaceae live?

A

Saline habitat, coastal vegetation.

64
Q

What are the leaves of chenopodiaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Simple, alternate or clustered.

Exstipulate.

65
Q

What is the fruit morphology of chenopodiaceae?

A

Dry clusters of follicles

66
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of chenopodiaceae?

A

No petals.

67
Q

What is the common name of dilleniaceae?

A

Guinea flowers

68
Q

Where do dilleniaceae live?

A

Mainly tropical

69
Q

What are the leaves of dilleniaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Simple, alternate or clustered. Exstipulate.

70
Q

Is the dilleniaceae solitary or axillary?

A

Solitary, often axillary.

71
Q

Are dilleniaceae bisex or unisex? Actinomorphic or zygomorphic?

A

Bisex, actinomorphic.

72
Q

What is the fruit of dilleniaceae like?

A

Cluster of follicles

73
Q

What is the common name of epacridaceae?

74
Q

What are epacridaceae similar to?

75
Q

What are the leaves of epacridaceae like?

A

Simple, hard, mucronate, parallel veins

76
Q

What is the inflorescence of epacridaceae like?

A

Leaf spikes or heads

77
Q

What is the fruit of epacridaceae like?

A

Woody capsule or succulent drupe.

78
Q

What is the common name of mimosoideae?

A

Acacia/wattle

79
Q

What are the leaves of mimosoideae like in adults vs young?

A

Bipennate, ferny when young.

Phyllodes when old.

80
Q

What is the fruit of mimosoideae like?

A

Legumes, splits explosively when dessicated.

81
Q

What is the common name of faboideae?

82
Q

What are the leaves of faboideae like?

A

Trifoliate, pinnate, entire

83
Q

How are faboideae flowers arranged?

A

In racemes, or spikes.

84
Q

What is the fruit of faboideae?

85
Q

What is the common name of myrtaceae?

A

Eucalyptus

86
Q

What do all myrtaceae have?

A

Woody with essential oils

They cure cancer as well if you sniff them long enough

87
Q

Do young and adult myrtaceae vary?

88
Q

What two kinds of bark can myrtaceae have? Explain both.

A

Decorticating - shedding exposes smooth trunk

Persistent - Retains rough bark

89
Q

What do the flowers of myrtaceae have?

A

Covered in a cap - operculum

90
Q

What is the fruit of myrtaceae like?

A

Forms capsular fruit

Woody capsule, the hypanthium.

91
Q

What happens to myrtaceae fruit when mature?

A

Valves open

92
Q

What are the 6 genera of myrtaceae?

A 
Acmaena
Angophora
Callistemon
Leptospermum
Melaleuca
Tristania
93
Q

What is the common name of leptospermum?

94
Q

What are the leaves of leptospermum like?

A

Evergreen, alternate, simple, sharp-tipped

95
Q

What is the fruit of leptospermum like?

A

Woody capsule

96
Q

What is the common name of melaleuca?

A

Paper bark

97
Q

What is the bark of melaleuca like?

98
Q

What is the common name of callistemon?

A

Bottle brush

99
Q

What is the fruit of callistemon like?

A

Capsule/pod
Woody
Dehiscent

100
Q

What are the leaves of goodeniaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Simple, alternate, or radical. Exstipulate.

101
Q

Are goodeniaceae flowers bisex or unisex? Are they zygomorphic or actinomorphic?

A

Bizex, zygo

102
Q

What are the fruit of goodeniaceae like?

A

Dry or fleshy

Can be capsule, nut or drupe

103
Q

What is the common name of proteaceae?

A

Spider flowers

104
Q

What are the leaves of proteaceae like?

A

Simple, alternate, opposite, or whorled

105
Q

Are proteaceae tough or fragile? Fleshy or leathery?

A

Tough, leathery

106
Q

What are the fruit of proteaceae like?

A

Hard mostly, woody, leathery

Follicles, drupes, or nuts

107
Q

What are the leaves of banksia like?

A

Serrated, arranged in a spiral, or whorls

108
Q

What are the flowers of banksia like?

A

Woody follicle.

109
Q

What is needed for banksia fruit to open? Can anything else be used?

A

Fire only.

110
Q

What are the leaves of grevillea like?

A

Turned down, rolled out. Hairer undersurface

111
Q

What are the leaves of rhamnaceae like?

A

Rough, rugose, stellate hairs, or spiky

112
Q

What are the flowers of rhamnaceae like? Unisex/bisex? Actino/zygo?

A

Small, bisex, actinomorphic.

113
Q

What are the fruits of rhamnaceae like?

A

Dry mostly, some fleshy.

Split into 1 seeded sections, or drupes.

114
Q

What is the common name of rutaceae?

115
Q

What is a vegetative characteristic of rutaceae?

A

Oils from oil glands on leaves, aromatic

116
Q

What are the leaves of rutaceae like?

A

Simple, exstipulate, some opposite.

117
Q

What are the fruit of rutaceae like?

A

Dry, leathery

Berries, drupes, hesperidiums, capsules, follicles.

118
Q

What is the common name of cyperaceae?

119
Q

What are the stems of cyperaceae like?

A

Solid, triangular in cross seciton

120
Q

What ar ethe leaves of cyperaceae like?

A

Linear, sheathing at the base closed.

121
Q

Are cyperaceae dicots or monocots?

122
Q

What is the furit of cyperaceae like?

A

Dry caryopsis

123
Q

What is the common name for iridaceae?

124
Q

What are the leaves of iridaceae like?

A

Linear, distichous (arise in one plane)

125
Q

Do iridaceae have sheathing?

126
Q

What are the fruits of iridaceae like?

A

Dry, capsule

127
Q

What is the common name of juncaceae?

128
Q

What are the leaves of juncaceae like?

A

Flat, channelled or terete.

129
Q

What are the flowers of juncaceae like? Bisex or unisex? Zygo or actino?

A

Small, bisex and actino

130
Q

What is the fruit of juncaceae like?

A

Dry capsule

131
Q

What is the habitat of xanthorroe?

A

Heathlands

132
Q

What are the leaves of xanthorroe like?

133
Q

Are xanthorroe bisex or unisex? Actino or zygo?

A

Actino, bisex

134
Q

What is the fruit of xanthorroe like?

A

Dry or fleshy

Capsule or berry

135
Q

Are xanthorroe dicots or monocots?

136
Q

Are juncaceae dicots or monocots?

137
Q

Are iridaceae dicots or monocots?

138
Q

Are casuarinaceae dicots or monocots??

139
Q

Are chenopodiaceae dicots or monocots?

140
Q

Are dilleniaceae dicots or monocots?

141
Q

Are epacridaceae dicots or monocots?

142
Q

Are mimosoideae dicots or monocots?

143
Q

Are faboideae dicots or monocots?

144
Q

Are myrtaceae dicots or monocots?

145
Q

Are goodeniaceae dicots or monocots?

146
Q

Are proteaceae dicots or monocots?

147
Q

Are banksia dicots or monocots?

148
Q

Are grevillea dicots or monocots?

149
Q

Are rhamnaceae dicots or monocots?

150
Q

Are rutaceae dicots or monocots?

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions