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Lecture 10 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four kinds of australian habitats?

A

Tropical
Temperate
Alps
Desert

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2
Q

What vegetation dominates tropics? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - gymnosperms (araucaria)

Understory - shrubs, ferns, palms and mosses

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3
Q

What vegetation dominates temperate? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - eucalypt, acacia, casuarina, callitris, melaleuca

Understory - shrubs, grasses, annuals

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4
Q

What vegetation dominates alps? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - treeless

Understory - heathland, herbfield, fen, bog

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5
Q

What vegetation dominates deserts? Include one for canopy, and understory.

A

Canopy - (same as temperate)

Understory - grasses and wildflowers

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6
Q

What are some biotic stress factors?

A

Weeds - endemic vs invasive

Pests and diseases

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7
Q

List and describe 4 ways of weed control.

A

Biological - using natural predator to control wild numbers.
Cultural - using farming systems to grow more competitive plants.
Physical - mulching or manual removal/mowing/grazing etc.
Chemical - use of pesticides or herbicides, can affect nearby plants.

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8
Q

List 5 abiotic stress factors.

A 
Drought
Floods
Salinity
Low nutrient soils
Fire
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9
Q

Why is flooding a stress factor?

A

Soil becomes waterlogged, too much water means pathogens can rot roots, and cant absorb anything either. Also erosion and landslides.

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10
Q

Why is salinity a stress factor?

A

Water cant be taken up due to sodium.

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11
Q

What is considered low nutrient soil?

A

Low phosphorous and nitrogen, as well as low minerals.

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12
Q

How can low nutrient soil be solved? Does Australia have low nutrient soils?

A

Crop rotation. Australia has low mineral nutrients.

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13
Q

What time are fires most prevalent and why? What part of Australia is most prone?

A

Summer - due to heat.
Autumn - due to thunderstorms.
Southeastern Australia more prone, probably because of all those spreading conifers they use as FUCKING FARM SHADE.

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14
Q

Describe mycorrhizal association, as well as the symbiotic relationship.

A

Increases nutrient uptake by increasing surface area.

Fungus brings in usable nutrients to the plant, while the plant breaks the fungus down to absorb them.

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15
Q

Why are some plants carnivorous?

A

To increase nutrient uptake.

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16
Q

What are 2 ways of adapting to fires?

A

Resprouters and reseeders.

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17
Q

What are resprouters?

A

Regenerate after the fire, via the above region of the trunk, sprouting off the main stem.

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18
Q

What are reseeders?

A

Reproductive, releasing seeds after a fire.

Seeds stay closed, reductions in poisture or fires open them.

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19
Q

What are some examples of resprouters (4)?

A

Buds, bark, underground organs, and mycorrhizal associations.

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20
Q

What are some examples of reseeders (2)?

A

Seeds, and fruits - serotiny

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21
Q

What is scleromorphology?

A

Adaptations of leaves.

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22
Q

Where are terminal buds located? What do they do?

A

Shoot tips. They grow when conditions are suitable.

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23
Q

Do terminal buds have a resting stage?

A

No.

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24
Q

What do terminal buds contribute to?

A

Rapid crown development.

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25
Q

Where do epicormic buds develop? Why is this an advantage?

A

They shoot from underneath bark. Protects them from fire.

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26
Q

What do epicormic buds develop from?

A

Accessory bud strands.

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27
Q

Are epicormic buds active or dormant?

A

Normally dormant, suppressed by hormones from active shoots higher up.

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28
Q

What do naked buds develop with? What does this result in?

A

With terminal buds. Means rapid crown development.

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29
Q

Why is rapid crown development so important?

A

Re-establishes canopy cover.

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30
Q

What are accessory buds?

A

Secondary buds found near primary buds.

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31
Q

What are naked buds? Where are they found, and in what numbers?

A

Stalked buds in leaf axils.

1-3 per axil.

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32
Q

What do accessory buds form?

A

Reserve bud system. Repeated shoot development from multiple buds.

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33
Q

What are acceessory buds used in response to?

A

Fire or insect damage.

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34
Q

What is bark, and what can it protect against?

A

Outer layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

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35
Q

How does bark protect against fire?

A
  • Increased thickness - charred bark shed.
  • Deep furrowed bark.
  • Other properties such as oils, tannins, and sap.
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36
Q

Aside from bark, what are 3 other mechanisms against fire?

A

Underground organs
Mycorrhizal associations, with fungi/bacteria
Tubers and lignotubers

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37
Q

What are lignotubers?

A

Bulbous mass of buds.

Are a basal stem tuber bearing many buds.

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38
Q

What are lignotubers embedded in?

A

Bark.

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39
Q

Are lignotubers above or below ground?

A

Can be either.

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40
Q

Are lignotubers persistent or do they die?

A

Persist through a plant’s life.

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41
Q

What are lignotubers used for?

A

Fire or environmental stress response.

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42
Q

Are lignotubers fire resistant?

A

Yes.

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43
Q

What are tubers?

A

Underground storage organs.

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44
Q

Where are tubers found? Why?

A

Deep in the soil, protected from fire.

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45
Q

What kind of reproduction do tubers contribute to? For what purpose? What does this depend on?

A

Asexual, regeneration for the following year. Depends on the time of the fire in the plant’s lifecycle.

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46
Q

What is serotiny?

A

Seeds released in response to stress.

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47
Q

What can induce serotiny (5)?

A

Fire, water drought, sun, drying, and parental death.

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48
Q

In serotiny, do the cones withstand the fire, or do they burn?

A

They withstand the fire, the heat induces them to open.

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49
Q

What are some leaf adaptations to dry conditions (5)?

A 
Contains sclerophyll
Small, hard, rigid leaves
Short internodes
Small plant size
Sclerenchyma tissue abundant in leaves
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50
Q

What are some water conserving leaf adaptations (6)?

A 
Small air spaces
Fewer stomata
Sunken stomata in epidermis
Small vascular bundles
Fewer vascular bundles
Usually only mesophyll present
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51
Q

What is neccessary for germination?

A

Ruptured seed testa and water uptake

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52
Q

What treatments can be used to increase germination (5)?

A

Temperature - heat
Physical abrasion
Nutrition, smoke water, mycorrhizal associations.

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53
Q

What is the largest angiosperm family in Australia?

A

Fabaceae

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54
Q

Are casuarinaceae dicots or monocots?

A

Dicots

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55
Q

What are casuarinaceae habits?

A

Trees or shrubs

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56
Q

What do casuarinaceae resemble?

A

Very pinelike

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57
Q

What is a way of differentiating casuarinaceae?

A

They have reduced or fused teeth on stems, the number of teeth are diagnostic.

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58
Q

What are male and female casuarinaceae flowers called?

A

Male - catkins

Female - globular heads

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59
Q

How do casuarinaceae pollinate?

A

Wind

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60
Q

What is the fruit of casuarinaceae like?

A

Woody cones, fire resistant

Releases seeds when dessicated.

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61
Q

What is the casuarinaceae common name?

62
Q

What is the chenopodiaceae common name?

A

Saltbushes

63
Q

Where do chenopodiaceae live?

A

Saline habitat, coastal vegetation.

64
Q

What are the leaves of chenopodiaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Simple, alternate or clustered.

Exstipulate.

65
Q

What is the fruit morphology of chenopodiaceae?

A

Dry clusters of follicles

66
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of chenopodiaceae?

A

No petals.

67
Q

What is the common name of dilleniaceae?

A

Guinea flowers

68
Q

Where do dilleniaceae live?

A

Mainly tropical

69
Q

What are the leaves of dilleniaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Simple, alternate or clustered. Exstipulate.

70
Q

Is the dilleniaceae solitary or axillary?

A

Solitary, often axillary.

71
Q

Are dilleniaceae bisex or unisex? Actinomorphic or zygomorphic?

A

Bisex, actinomorphic.

72
Q

What is the fruit of dilleniaceae like?

A

Cluster of follicles

73
Q

What is the common name of epacridaceae?

74
Q

What are epacridaceae similar to?

75
Q

What are the leaves of epacridaceae like?

A

Simple, hard, mucronate, parallel veins

76
Q

What is the inflorescence of epacridaceae like?

A

Leaf spikes or heads

77
Q

What is the fruit of epacridaceae like?

A

Woody capsule or succulent drupe.

78
Q

What is the common name of mimosoideae?

A

Acacia/wattle

79
Q

What are the leaves of mimosoideae like in adults vs young?

A

Bipennate, ferny when young.

Phyllodes when old.

80
Q

What is the fruit of mimosoideae like?

A

Legumes, splits explosively when dessicated.

81
Q

What is the common name of faboideae?

82
Q

What are the leaves of faboideae like?

A

Trifoliate, pinnate, entire

83
Q

How are faboideae flowers arranged?

A

In racemes, or spikes.

84
Q

What is the fruit of faboideae?

85
Q

What is the common name of myrtaceae?

A

Eucalyptus

86
Q

What do all myrtaceae have?

A

Woody with essential oils

They cure cancer as well if you sniff them long enough

87
Q

Do young and adult myrtaceae vary?

88
Q

What two kinds of bark can myrtaceae have? Explain both.

A

Decorticating - shedding exposes smooth trunk

Persistent - Retains rough bark

89
Q

What do the flowers of myrtaceae have?

A

Covered in a cap - operculum

90
Q

What is the fruit of myrtaceae like?

A

Forms capsular fruit

Woody capsule, the hypanthium.

91
Q

What happens to myrtaceae fruit when mature?

A

Valves open

92
Q

What are the 6 genera of myrtaceae?

A 
Acmaena
Angophora
Callistemon
Leptospermum
Melaleuca
Tristania
93
Q

What is the common name of leptospermum?

94
Q

What are the leaves of leptospermum like?

A

Evergreen, alternate, simple, sharp-tipped

95
Q

What is the fruit of leptospermum like?

A

Woody capsule

96
Q

What is the common name of melaleuca?

A

Paper bark

97
Q

What is the bark of melaleuca like?

98
Q

What is the common name of callistemon?

A

Bottle brush

99
Q

What is the fruit of callistemon like?

A

Capsule/pod
Woody
Dehiscent

100
Q

What are the leaves of goodeniaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

A

Simple, alternate, or radical. Exstipulate.

101
Q

Are goodeniaceae flowers bisex or unisex? Are they zygomorphic or actinomorphic?

A

Bizex, zygo

102
Q

What are the fruit of goodeniaceae like?

A

Dry or fleshy

Can be capsule, nut or drupe

103
Q

What is the common name of proteaceae?

A

Spider flowers

104
Q

What are the leaves of proteaceae like?

A

Simple, alternate, opposite, or whorled

105
Q

Are proteaceae tough or fragile? Fleshy or leathery?

A

Tough, leathery

106
Q

What are the fruit of proteaceae like?

A

Hard mostly, woody, leathery

Follicles, drupes, or nuts

107
Q

What are the leaves of banksia like?

A

Serrated, arranged in a spiral, or whorls

108
Q

What are the flowers of banksia like?

A

Woody follicle.

109
Q

What is needed for banksia fruit to open? Can anything else be used?

A

Fire only.

110
Q

What are the leaves of grevillea like?

A

Turned down, rolled out. Hairer undersurface

111
Q

What are the leaves of rhamnaceae like?

A

Rough, rugose, stellate hairs, or spiky

112
Q

What are the flowers of rhamnaceae like? Unisex/bisex? Actino/zygo?

A

Small, bisex, actinomorphic.

113
Q

What are the fruits of rhamnaceae like?

A

Dry mostly, some fleshy.

Split into 1 seeded sections, or drupes.

114
Q

What is the common name of rutaceae?

115
Q

What is a vegetative characteristic of rutaceae?

A

Oils from oil glands on leaves, aromatic

116
Q

What are the leaves of rutaceae like?

A

Simple, exstipulate, some opposite.

117
Q

What are the fruit of rutaceae like?

A

Dry, leathery

Berries, drupes, hesperidiums, capsules, follicles.

118
Q

What is the common name of cyperaceae?

119
Q

What are the stems of cyperaceae like?

A

Solid, triangular in cross seciton

120
Q

What ar ethe leaves of cyperaceae like?

A

Linear, sheathing at the base closed.

121
Q

Are cyperaceae dicots or monocots?

122
Q

What is the furit of cyperaceae like?

A

Dry caryopsis

123
Q

What is the common name for iridaceae?

124
Q

What are the leaves of iridaceae like?

A

Linear, distichous (arise in one plane)

125
Q

Do iridaceae have sheathing?

126
Q

What are the fruits of iridaceae like?

A

Dry, capsule

127
Q

What is the common name of juncaceae?

128
Q

What are the leaves of juncaceae like?

A

Flat, channelled or terete.

129
Q

What are the flowers of juncaceae like? Bisex or unisex? Zygo or actino?

A

Small, bisex and actino

130
Q

What is the fruit of juncaceae like?

A

Dry capsule

131
Q

What is the habitat of xanthorroe?

A

Heathlands

132
Q

What are the leaves of xanthorroe like?

133
Q

Are xanthorroe bisex or unisex? Actino or zygo?

A

Actino, bisex

134
Q

What is the fruit of xanthorroe like?

A

Dry or fleshy

Capsule or berry

135
Q

Are xanthorroe dicots or monocots?

136
Q

Are juncaceae dicots or monocots?

137
Q

Are iridaceae dicots or monocots?

138
Q

Are casuarinaceae dicots or monocots??

139
Q

Are chenopodiaceae dicots or monocots?

140
Q

Are dilleniaceae dicots or monocots?

141
Q

Are epacridaceae dicots or monocots?

142
Q

Are mimosoideae dicots or monocots?

143
Q

Are faboideae dicots or monocots?

144
Q

Are myrtaceae dicots or monocots?

145
Q

Are goodeniaceae dicots or monocots?

146
Q

Are proteaceae dicots or monocots?

147
Q

Are banksia dicots or monocots?

148
Q

Are grevillea dicots or monocots?

149
Q

Are rhamnaceae dicots or monocots?

150
Q

Are rutaceae dicots or monocots?

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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