Lecture 10 DA Flashcards by Davud Akgun

What are the four kinds of australian habitats?

Tropical
Temperate
Alps
Desert

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What vegetation dominates tropics? Include one for canopy, and understory.

Canopy - gymnosperms (araucaria)

Understory - shrubs, ferns, palms and mosses

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What vegetation dominates temperate? Include one for canopy, and understory.

Canopy - eucalypt, acacia, casuarina, callitris, melaleuca

Understory - shrubs, grasses, annuals

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What vegetation dominates alps? Include one for canopy, and understory.

Canopy - treeless

Understory - heathland, herbfield, fen, bog

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What vegetation dominates deserts? Include one for canopy, and understory.

Canopy - (same as temperate)

Understory - grasses and wildflowers

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What are some biotic stress factors?

Weeds - endemic vs invasive

Pests and diseases

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List and describe 4 ways of weed control.

Biological - using natural predator to control wild numbers.
Cultural - using farming systems to grow more competitive plants.
Physical - mulching or manual removal/mowing/grazing etc.
Chemical - use of pesticides or herbicides, can affect nearby plants.

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List 5 abiotic stress factors.

Drought
Floods
Salinity
Low nutrient soils
Fire

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Why is flooding a stress factor?

Soil becomes waterlogged, too much water means pathogens can rot roots, and cant absorb anything either. Also erosion and landslides.

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Why is salinity a stress factor?

Water cant be taken up due to sodium.

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What is considered low nutrient soil?

Low phosphorous and nitrogen, as well as low minerals.

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How can low nutrient soil be solved? Does Australia have low nutrient soils?

Crop rotation. Australia has low mineral nutrients.

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What time are fires most prevalent and why? What part of Australia is most prone?

Summer - due to heat.
Autumn - due to thunderstorms.
Southeastern Australia more prone, probably because of all those spreading conifers they use as FUCKING FARM SHADE.

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Describe mycorrhizal association, as well as the symbiotic relationship.

Increases nutrient uptake by increasing surface area.

Fungus brings in usable nutrients to the plant, while the plant breaks the fungus down to absorb them.

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Why are some plants carnivorous?

To increase nutrient uptake.

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What are 2 ways of adapting to fires?

Resprouters and reseeders.

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What are resprouters?

Regenerate after the fire, via the above region of the trunk, sprouting off the main stem.

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What are reseeders?

Reproductive, releasing seeds after a fire.

Seeds stay closed, reductions in poisture or fires open them.

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What are some examples of resprouters (4)?

Buds, bark, underground organs, and mycorrhizal associations.

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What are some examples of reseeders (2)?

Seeds, and fruits - serotiny

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What is scleromorphology?

Adaptations of leaves.

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Where are terminal buds located? What do they do?

Shoot tips. They grow when conditions are suitable.

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Do terminal buds have a resting stage?

No.

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What do terminal buds contribute to?

Rapid crown development.

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Where do epicormic buds develop? Why is this an advantage?

They shoot from underneath bark. Protects them from fire.

What do epicormic buds develop from?

Accessory bud strands.

Are epicormic buds active or dormant?

Normally dormant, suppressed by hormones from active shoots higher up.

What do naked buds develop with? What does this result in?

With terminal buds. Means rapid crown development.

Why is rapid crown development so important?

Re-establishes canopy cover.

What are accessory buds?

Secondary buds found near primary buds.

What are naked buds? Where are they found, and in what numbers?

Stalked buds in leaf axils. | 1-3 per axil.

What do accessory buds form?

Reserve bud system. Repeated shoot development from multiple buds.

What are acceessory buds used in response to?

Fire or insect damage.

What is bark, and what can it protect against?

Outer layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

How does bark protect against fire?

- Increased thickness - charred bark shed. - Deep furrowed bark. - Other properties such as oils, tannins, and sap.

Aside from bark, what are 3 other mechanisms against fire?

Underground organs Mycorrhizal associations, with fungi/bacteria Tubers and lignotubers

What are lignotubers?

Bulbous mass of buds. | Are a basal stem tuber bearing many buds.

What are lignotubers embedded in?

Bark.

Are lignotubers above or below ground?

Can be either.

Are lignotubers persistent or do they die?

Persist through a plant's life.

What are lignotubers used for?

Fire or environmental stress response.

Are lignotubers fire resistant?

Yes.

What are tubers?

Underground storage organs.

Where are tubers found? Why?

Deep in the soil, protected from fire.

What kind of reproduction do tubers contribute to? For what purpose? What does this depend on?

Asexual, regeneration for the following year. Depends on the time of the fire in the plant's lifecycle.

What is serotiny?

Seeds released in response to stress.

What can induce serotiny (5)?

Fire, water drought, sun, drying, and parental death.

In serotiny, do the cones withstand the fire, or do they burn?

They withstand the fire, the heat induces them to open.

What are some leaf adaptations to dry conditions (5)?

``` Contains sclerophyll Small, hard, rigid leaves Short internodes Small plant size Sclerenchyma tissue abundant in leaves ```

What are some water conserving leaf adaptations (6)?

``` Small air spaces Fewer stomata Sunken stomata in epidermis Small vascular bundles Fewer vascular bundles Usually only mesophyll present ```

What is neccessary for germination?

Ruptured seed testa and water uptake

What treatments can be used to increase germination (5)?

Temperature - heat Physical abrasion Nutrition, smoke water, mycorrhizal associations.

What is the largest angiosperm family in Australia?

Fabaceae

Are casuarinaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

What are casuarinaceae habits?

Trees or shrubs

What do casuarinaceae resemble?

Very pinelike

What is a way of differentiating casuarinaceae?

They have reduced or fused teeth on stems, the number of teeth are diagnostic.

What are male and female casuarinaceae flowers called?

Male - catkins | Female - globular heads

How do casuarinaceae pollinate?

Wind

What is the fruit of casuarinaceae like?

Woody cones, fire resistant | Releases seeds when dessicated.

What is the casuarinaceae common name?

She oaks

What is the chenopodiaceae common name?

Saltbushes

Where do chenopodiaceae live?

Saline habitat, coastal vegetation.

What are the leaves of chenopodiaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

Simple, alternate or clustered. | Exstipulate.

What is the fruit morphology of chenopodiaceae?

Dry clusters of follicles

What is the distinguishing feature of chenopodiaceae?

No petals.

What is the common name of dilleniaceae?

Guinea flowers

Where do dilleniaceae live?

Mainly tropical

What are the leaves of dilleniaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

Simple, alternate or clustered. Exstipulate.

Is the dilleniaceae solitary or axillary?

Solitary, often axillary.

Are dilleniaceae bisex or unisex? Actinomorphic or zygomorphic?

Bisex, actinomorphic.

What is the fruit of dilleniaceae like?

Cluster of follicles

What is the common name of epacridaceae?

Heaths

What are epacridaceae similar to?

Ericaceae

What are the leaves of epacridaceae like?

Simple, hard, mucronate, parallel veins

What is the inflorescence of epacridaceae like?

Leaf spikes or heads

What is the fruit of epacridaceae like?

Woody capsule or succulent drupe.

What is the common name of mimosoideae?

Acacia/wattle

What are the leaves of mimosoideae like in adults vs young?

Bipennate, ferny when young. | Phyllodes when old.

What is the fruit of mimosoideae like?

Legumes, splits explosively when dessicated.

What is the common name of faboideae?

Peas

What are the leaves of faboideae like?

Trifoliate, pinnate, entire

How are faboideae flowers arranged?

In racemes, or spikes.

What is the fruit of faboideae?

Legume

What is the common name of myrtaceae?

Eucalyptus

What do all myrtaceae have?

Woody with essential oils | They cure cancer as well if you sniff them long enough

Do young and adult myrtaceae vary?

Yes

What two kinds of bark can myrtaceae have? Explain both.

Decorticating - shedding exposes smooth trunk | Persistent - Retains rough bark

What do the flowers of myrtaceae have?

Covered in a cap - operculum

What is the fruit of myrtaceae like?

Forms capsular fruit | Woody capsule, the hypanthium.

What happens to myrtaceae fruit when mature?

Valves open

What are the 6 genera of myrtaceae?

``` Acmaena Angophora Callistemon Leptospermum Melaleuca Tristania ```

What is the common name of leptospermum?

Tea tree

What are the leaves of leptospermum like?

Evergreen, alternate, simple, sharp-tipped

What is the fruit of leptospermum like?

Woody capsule

What is the common name of melaleuca?

Paper bark

What is the bark of melaleuca like?

Papery

What is the common name of callistemon?

Bottle brush

What is the fruit of callistemon like?

Capsule/pod Woody Dehiscent

What are the leaves of goodeniaceae like? Are they stipulate or exstipulate?

Simple, alternate, or radical. Exstipulate.

Are goodeniaceae flowers bisex or unisex? Are they zygomorphic or actinomorphic?

Bizex, zygo

What are the fruit of goodeniaceae like?

Dry or fleshy | Can be capsule, nut or drupe

What is the common name of proteaceae?

Spider flowers

What are the leaves of proteaceae like?

Simple, alternate, opposite, or whorled

Are proteaceae tough or fragile? Fleshy or leathery?

Tough, leathery

What are the fruit of proteaceae like?

Hard mostly, woody, leathery | Follicles, drupes, or nuts

What are the leaves of banksia like?

Serrated, arranged in a spiral, or whorls

What are the flowers of banksia like?

Woody follicle.

What is needed for banksia fruit to open? Can anything else be used?

Fire only.

What are the leaves of grevillea like?

Turned down, rolled out. Hairer undersurface

What are the leaves of rhamnaceae like?

Rough, rugose, stellate hairs, or spiky

What are the flowers of rhamnaceae like? Unisex/bisex? Actino/zygo?

Small, bisex, actinomorphic.

What are the fruits of rhamnaceae like?

Dry mostly, some fleshy. | Split into 1 seeded sections, or drupes.

What is the common name of rutaceae?

Citrus

What is a vegetative characteristic of rutaceae?

Oils from oil glands on leaves, aromatic

What are the leaves of rutaceae like?

Simple, exstipulate, some opposite.

What are the fruit of rutaceae like?

Dry, leathery | Berries, drupes, hesperidiums, capsules, follicles.

What is the common name of cyperaceae?

Sedges

What are the stems of cyperaceae like?

Solid, triangular in cross seciton

What ar ethe leaves of cyperaceae like?

Linear, sheathing at the base closed.

Are cyperaceae dicots or monocots?

Mono

What is the furit of cyperaceae like?

Dry caryopsis

What is the common name for iridaceae?

Iris

What are the leaves of iridaceae like?

Linear, distichous (arise in one plane)

Do iridaceae have sheathing?

Yes

What are the fruits of iridaceae like?

Dry, capsule

What is the common name of juncaceae?

Rushes

What are the leaves of juncaceae like?

Flat, channelled or terete.

What are the flowers of juncaceae like? Bisex or unisex? Zygo or actino?

Small, bisex and actino

What is the fruit of juncaceae like?

Dry capsule

What is the habitat of xanthorroe?

Heathlands

What are the leaves of xanthorroe like?

Linear

Are xanthorroe bisex or unisex? Actino or zygo?

Actino, bisex

What is the fruit of xanthorroe like?

Dry or fleshy | Capsule or berry

Are xanthorroe dicots or monocots?

Mono

Are juncaceae dicots or monocots?

Mono

Are iridaceae dicots or monocots?

Mono

Are casuarinaceae dicots or monocots??

Dicots

Are chenopodiaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are dilleniaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are epacridaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are mimosoideae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are faboideae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are myrtaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are goodeniaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are proteaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are banksia dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are grevillea dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are rhamnaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots

Are rutaceae dicots or monocots?

Dicots