Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Diversity > Lecture 1 RH Algae > Flashcards

Lecture 1 RH Algae Flashcards

1
Q

What are lichens a symbiosis between?

A

Lichen are between bacteria and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happened to algae to allow plant formation?

A

Natural selection to allow algae to survive on land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kinds of differences and similarities are investigated when classifying organisms?

A

Morphological

Genetic

Biochemical

Others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the evolutionary origin of land plants?

A

Most plants originated from ancestral green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is true about ALL plants?

  1. They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  2. They are all multicellular
  3. They are green coloured and land dwellers
  4. The contain chlorophyll
  5. They are photosynthetic
A
  1. They are photosynthetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the evolutionary origin of oceanic plants?

A

Red algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the similarities between ancestral algae and modern plants?

A

Ancestral green algae had both primary and accessory photosynthetic pigments.

Starch

Cellulose

Multicellular

Alteration of generations (goes between regeneration and reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are cyanobacteria classified as?

A

Cyanobacteria used to be defined as plants but now are defined as bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some uses for algae?

A

Can be used as indicators of clean water

Can be used for food and biofuel

Can be used to produce agar

Can be used to make biofuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the types of water environments in which plants live?

A

Freshwater

Brackish water (0.5 - 30 ppt)

Seawater (30 - 50 ppt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are algae classified?

A

Morphology

Pigments

Chloroplast structure

Food store

Cell wall composition

Flagellation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How diverse are algae?

A

72000 species identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the types of morphology that algae have?

A

Colonial (clustered together)

Capsoid

Coccoid

Palmelloid

Filamentous (Forming strands)

Parenchymatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chloroplasts in higher plants evolved from which of the following?

Brown algae

Golden algae

Red algae

Green algae

Blue green algae

A

Green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where did brown, golden, and blue green algae evolve from?

A

Brown algae, golden algae, and blue green algae evolved from ancestral green algae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the dominant algae in clear oligotrophic water?

A

Bacillariophyta (aka diatoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common type of phytoplankton?

A

Bacillariophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the close relatives of bacillariophyta?

A

They are closely related to brown algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the morphology of bacillariophyta?

A

Unicellular or colonial (in chains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some other features of bacillariophyta?

A

They contain oils making them potential biofuel producers.

They are not mobile (only male gametes have flagella)

They mostly reproduce via mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What pigments do bacillariophyta contain?

A

Chlorophylls a+c

Carotenoid = fucoxanthin

Close relatives of Phaeophyta (aka brown algae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does phytoplankton usually refer to?

A

Microscopic plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the bacillariophyta cell wall made up of?

A

silica = frustule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do bacillariophyta look like?

A

Porous and exist as 2 half shelves enclosed in frustule.

With a raphe they have a pennate shape

Without a raphe they look like circles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What feature makes bacillariophyta good indicators of clean water?

A

Bacillariophyta are sensitive to pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are algal blooms dangerous to consume?

A

algae produce neurotoxins that can be harmful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What pigments do golden algae have?

A

chlorophylls a, c1+c2

Carotenoids = fucoxanthin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What cell wall encloses chrystophyta (golden algae)?

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are chrystophyta (golden algae) motile?

A

Some are some aren’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What water do chrystophyta (golden algae) prefer?

A

Clean, low nutrient waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do chrystophyta reproduce?

A

Mostly asexually via mitosis

Sexual reproduction in some species causes silicon-containing cyst formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the types of chrystophyta?

A

Unicellular

colonial

siphonous (hollow tubular columns)

2 families chrysophycae + xanthophyceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of organization do chrysophyceae have?

A

Planktonic (suspended in the water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What type of organization do xanthophyceae have?

A

benthic (sit at the bottom of the water in very deep waters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Do chrysophyta cause algal blooms?

A

yes particularly prymnesium parvum and these blooms cause death of fish and other creatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where can green algae typically be found?

A

Mostly aquatic

Very diverse in form and habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What kind of pigments do green algae have?

A

chlorophyl a and b

some have other pigments like carotenoids and other pigments

*Not all green algae are green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What formations can chlorophyta have?

A

Unicellular and colonial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Are chlorophyta motile?

A

Some are some aren’t

40
Q

What is the problem with the algae classification?

A

paraphyletic because it includes other algae but excludes plants despite being more closely related to plants

41
Q

What are the 3 main types of green algae?

A

Chlorophyceae

Ulvophyceae

Charophyceae (this group contain desmids)

42
Q

What do flagella indicate about circular forms of chlorophyta?

A

motility

43
Q

What are desmids?

A

unicellular non-motile chlorophyta of order charophceae. They are used as indicators of clean water

44
Q

What are the types of algae that are macroscopic?

A

Flat plate algae (Ulva aka sea lettuce)

Tube (enteromorpha)

45
Q

What is the structure of macroscopic chlorophyta like?

A

Fill up in center and blow up at ends into utricles.

Filaments are centrally located

46
Q

What does codium look like?

A

Finger like branching off a single stem and are siphonous

47
Q

What is chlorophyta reproduction like?

A

Primitive algae have indistinguishable gametophytes and sporophytes that are motile.

Advanced algae are anisogamous (gametophytes are different). Male gametophyte is mobile and female isn’t motile.

48
Q

What are the uses of chlorophyta?

A

Ulva (sea lettuce) is eaton worldwide

Coral reefs

Pollution indicators

49
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Ancestors of plants found 3.5 million years ago.

They are part of the bacterial kingdom.

50
Q

What is the organization of cyanobacteria like?

A

Unicellular/colonial forming a filamentous structure which could be enclosed in a gelatinous sheath

51
Q

What pigments do cyanophya contain?

A

chlorophyll a

Phycobillin (phyco cyanin and phycoerythrin)

52
Q

How do cyanophyta translocate?

A

By gliding

53
Q

What is the function of a heterocyst?

A

Nitrogen fixation for cyanobacteria use

54
Q

Where are cyanophyta most common?

A

Fresh water and brackish water.

Found close to water surface

55
Q

What are features of water containing cyanophyta?

A

Oily water

Smelly

Fishy taste

Unfit for drinking

Contain cytotoxins (cyclic oligopeptides and alkaloids)

56
Q

What type of toxins do cyanophyta produce?

A

Cyclic oligopeptides and alkaloids (neurotoxins, hepatoxins, cytotoxins, endotoxins.

*Responsible for lots of cattle death.

57
Q

Can cyanophyta be consumed?

A

Some species can be consumed such as spinulina

58
Q

What pigments do dinoflagellates have?

A

chlorophyll a + c

Carotenoids (peridinin)

*are typically brown coloured

59
Q

How do dinoflagellates move?

A

2 flagella which beat within 2 grooves.

theca of cellulose plates

1 trailing flagellum and one inside

60
Q

Do dinoflagellates produce algal blooms?

A

Yes most common producers of toxic blooms in brackish and marine waters.

61
Q

What kind of toxins are produced by dinoflagellates?

A

Dino toxin (saxitoxin which is a paralytic neurotoxin)

Alexandrium and karenia

62
Q

How can the toxins produced by dinoflagellates reach humans?

A

via shellfish which act as carriers

they accumulate

63
Q

Why is a great research interest taken in dinoflagellates?

A

Dinoflagellates are bioluminsecent

Dinoflagellates have the ability to reduce the effects of aging. (luciferase comes from here)

64
Q

What pigment to euglenophyta contain?

A

Carotenoids

Chlorophylls a + b (grass-green)

65
Q

How do euglenoids get their energy?

A

Via photosynthesis and phagocytosis

66
Q

How do euglenoids reproduce?

A

Asexually via cell division

67
Q

What is the eyespot’s function in euglenoids?

A

They can use it to detect light and move towards it

68
Q

Where can euglinoids be found?

A

Typically in pulluted environments

69
Q

What features make euglenoids different from other algae?

A

They are both phagocytic and photosynthetic showing they had both animal and plant traits

70
Q

What are phaeophyta?

A

Brown algae which typically can be seen washed up on the beach

71
Q

What do phaeophyta (brown algae) look like?

A

undifferentiated vegetative bodies

Brown

72
Q

What pigments do phaeophyta contain?

A

Chlorophyll a and c

Carotenoids (fucoxanthin)

73
Q

Where can phaeophyta (brown algae) typically be seen?

A

Floating in ocean water

74
Q

What are characteristic features of phaeophyta (brown algae)?

A

Contain an air filled bladder which makes them float and carries them towards light (some are filamentous)

They are the largest algae in size

75
Q

What structure do phaeophyta store glucose in?

A

vacuoles in the form of laminarin (a beta -1,3 glucose polymer)

76
Q

What is the cell wall of phaeohyta made of?

A

cellulose

alginic acid which makes emuslifiers

sulphated polysaccharides which makes algae

77
Q

What are some uses of agar?

A

Used to solidify media

78
Q

How do phaeophyta reproduce?

A

sporic meiosis (motile haploid male and female zoospores which combine to fertilize and form diploid zygotes.

Some exceptions to this reproduction cycle such as the mode of reproduction of fucus.

79
Q

What are the names of the developing cells that form male and female zoospores?

A

antheridium and oogonium

80
Q

Where do rhodophyta (red algae) live?

A

96% of them in marine water

4% in fresh water

81
Q

What is the red algae’s structure like?

A

Filamentous

2 major shapes; flat sheets, or 3d- branched

82
Q

What are the main pigments in red algae?

A

chlorophyll a

Carotenoids

Phycobilins (R-phycoerythrin and R-phycocyanin)

83
Q

How do Rhodophyta store glucose?

A

in floridean starch (amylopectin-like) which is glycogen like and is made up of an alpha 1,4 glucose polymer

84
Q

What is the cell wall of rhodophyta made of?

A

cellulose (beta-1,6 polymer)

sulphated polysaccharides which can be made into agar and carrageenans

with some calcification in some rhodophytes

85
Q

What are some uses of rhodophytes (red algae)?

A

Can be used to create agar

Can be used to make food (sushi made from these as well as rice crackers, and by the Irish as laver bread)

86
Q

How do red algae reproduce?

A

Gametes and zoospores are same size and fertilize and form a zygote elsewhere.

87
Q

What pigments do diatoms, chrysophytes, and phaeophytes have in common?

A

Fucoxanthin

88
Q

How does the moon affect the environment? How does this affect algae?

A

Water levels (tide)

Low tide causes exposure of algae and in turn causes damage. High tide is more favourable for algae

89
Q

How does moon affect algal dessication?

A

Littorial fringe (exposure to sprays only)

Eulittorial zone (exposure during low tide)

Sublittorial zone (below low tide, no exposure, always immersed)

Different types of algae have different abilities to tolerate exposure to dryness.

90
Q

How does the sun affect dessication of algae?

A

clear water means light can penetrate further allowing algal pigments to absorb the light. This effect is depth dependent. Green -> brown -> red

Temperature and seasons affect algal diversity

91
Q

How does pH affect algal diversity?

A

Affects photosynthesis

pH is greater in rock pools (>9) and stable in open water (8.1 - 8.3)

92
Q

How can algae be used as biological pH indicators?

A

More acidic conditions promote filamentous algae appearance and decrease in planktonic algae.

Water below 5.8 result in most diatoms and algae to disappear

93
Q

How can algal blooms be used to understand contents of the water?

A

Sewage, organic matter, and chemical fertilizers result in an increase in nutrient supply. (Low N:P ratio = cyanobacterial blooms; High N:P ratio = green flagellates and diatoms dominate.

Organic matter, nitrates of phosphates = increase in microcystis, scendesmus, hydrodictyon and chlorella

Oil pollution can be detected by several algae

94
Q

How can algal blooms be used to measure heavy metals?

A

They can absorb heavy metals and several species can grow such as cladophora, chlorella and stigeoclonium

95
Q

Which of the following are indicators of clean water?

Chlamydomonas

Cyanobacteria

Euglena

Scendesmus

None of the above

A

None of the above.

Desmis

golden algae

96
Q

WARNING

A

Big pharma assassinates people that get in the way of their profits

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions