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Lecture 1 RH Algae Flashcards

1
Q

What are lichens a symbiosis between?

A

Lichen are between bacteria and fungi

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2
Q

What happened to algae to allow plant formation?

A

Natural selection to allow algae to survive on land

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3
Q

What kinds of differences and similarities are investigated when classifying organisms?

A

Morphological

Genetic

Biochemical

Others

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4
Q

What is the evolutionary origin of land plants?

A

Most plants originated from ancestral green algae

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5
Q

What is true about ALL plants?

  1. They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  2. They are all multicellular
  3. They are green coloured and land dwellers
  4. The contain chlorophyll
  5. They are photosynthetic
A
  1. They are photosynthetic
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6
Q

What is the evolutionary origin of oceanic plants?

A

Red algae

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7
Q

What are the similarities between ancestral algae and modern plants?

A

Ancestral green algae had both primary and accessory photosynthetic pigments.

Starch

Cellulose

Multicellular

Alteration of generations (goes between regeneration and reproduction)

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8
Q

What are cyanobacteria classified as?

A

Cyanobacteria used to be defined as plants but now are defined as bacteria

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9
Q

What are some uses for algae?

A

Can be used as indicators of clean water

Can be used for food and biofuel

Can be used to produce agar

Can be used to make biofuels

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10
Q

What are the types of water environments in which plants live?

A

Freshwater

Brackish water (0.5 - 30 ppt)

Seawater (30 - 50 ppt)

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11
Q

How are algae classified?

A

Morphology

Pigments

Chloroplast structure

Food store

Cell wall composition

Flagellation

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12
Q

How diverse are algae?

A

72000 species identified

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13
Q

What are the types of morphology that algae have?

A

Colonial (clustered together)

Capsoid

Coccoid

Palmelloid

Filamentous (Forming strands)

Parenchymatous

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14
Q

Chloroplasts in higher plants evolved from which of the following?

Brown algae

Golden algae

Red algae

Green algae

Blue green algae

A

Green algae

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15
Q

Where did brown, golden, and blue green algae evolve from?

A

Brown algae, golden algae, and blue green algae evolved from ancestral green algae.

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16
Q

What is the dominant algae in clear oligotrophic water?

A

Bacillariophyta (aka diatoms)

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17
Q

What is the most common type of phytoplankton?

A

Bacillariophyta

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18
Q

What are the close relatives of bacillariophyta?

A

They are closely related to brown algae

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19
Q

What is the morphology of bacillariophyta?

A

Unicellular or colonial (in chains)

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20
Q

What are some other features of bacillariophyta?

A

They contain oils making them potential biofuel producers.

They are not mobile (only male gametes have flagella)

They mostly reproduce via mitosis

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21
Q

What pigments do bacillariophyta contain?

A

Chlorophylls a+c

Carotenoid = fucoxanthin

Close relatives of Phaeophyta (aka brown algae)

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22
Q

What does phytoplankton usually refer to?

A

Microscopic plant cells

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23
Q

What is the bacillariophyta cell wall made up of?

A

silica = frustule

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24
Q

What do bacillariophyta look like?

A

Porous and exist as 2 half shelves enclosed in frustule.

With a raphe they have a pennate shape

Without a raphe they look like circles

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25
What feature makes bacillariophyta good indicators of clean water?
Bacillariophyta are sensitive to pH
26
Why are algal blooms dangerous to consume?
algae produce neurotoxins that can be harmful
27
What pigments do golden algae have?
chlorophylls a, c1+c2 Carotenoids = fucoxanthin
28
What cell wall encloses chrystophyta (golden algae)?
cellulose
29
Are chrystophyta (golden algae) motile?
Some are some aren't
30
What water do chrystophyta (golden algae) prefer?
Clean, low nutrient waters
31
How do chrystophyta reproduce?
Mostly asexually via mitosis Sexual reproduction in some species causes silicon-containing cyst formation.
32
What are the types of chrystophyta?
Unicellular colonial siphonous (hollow tubular columns) 2 families chrysophycae + xanthophyceae
33
What type of organization do chrysophyceae have?
Planktonic (suspended in the water)
34
What type of organization do xanthophyceae have?
benthic (sit at the bottom of the water in very deep waters)
35
Do chrysophyta cause algal blooms?
yes particularly prymnesium parvum and these blooms cause death of fish and other creatures.
36
Where can green algae typically be found?
Mostly aquatic Very diverse in form and habitat
37
What kind of pigments do green algae have?
chlorophyl a and b some have other pigments like carotenoids and other pigments *Not all green algae are green
38
What formations can chlorophyta have?
Unicellular and colonial
39
Are chlorophyta motile?
Some are some aren't
40
What is the problem with the algae classification?
paraphyletic because it includes other algae but excludes plants despite being more closely related to plants
41
What are the 3 main types of green algae?
Chlorophyceae Ulvophyceae Charophyceae (this group contain desmids)
42
What do flagella indicate about circular forms of chlorophyta?
motility
43
What are desmids?
unicellular non-motile chlorophyta of order charophceae. They are used as indicators of clean water
44
What are the types of algae that are macroscopic?
Flat plate algae (Ulva aka sea lettuce) Tube (enteromorpha)
45
What is the structure of macroscopic chlorophyta like?
# Fill up in center and blow up at ends into utricles. Filaments are centrally located
46
What does codium look like?
Finger like branching off a single stem and are siphonous
47
What is chlorophyta reproduction like?
Primitive algae have indistinguishable gametophytes and sporophytes that are motile. Advanced algae are anisogamous (gametophytes are different). Male gametophyte is mobile and female isn't motile.
48
What are the uses of chlorophyta?
Ulva (sea lettuce) is eaton worldwide Coral reefs Pollution indicators
49
What are cyanobacteria?
Ancestors of plants found 3.5 million years ago. They are part of the bacterial kingdom.
50
What is the organization of cyanobacteria like?
Unicellular/colonial forming a filamentous structure which could be enclosed in a gelatinous sheath
51
What pigments do cyanophya contain?
chlorophyll a Phycobillin (phyco cyanin and phycoerythrin)
52
How do cyanophyta translocate?
By gliding
53
What is the function of a heterocyst?
Nitrogen fixation for cyanobacteria use
54
Where are cyanophyta most common?
Fresh water and brackish water. Found close to water surface
55
What are features of water containing cyanophyta?
Oily water Smelly Fishy taste Unfit for drinking Contain cytotoxins (cyclic oligopeptides and alkaloids)
56
What type of toxins do cyanophyta produce?
Cyclic oligopeptides and alkaloids (neurotoxins, hepatoxins, cytotoxins, endotoxins. *Responsible for lots of cattle death.
57
Can cyanophyta be consumed?
Some species can be consumed such as spinulina
58
What pigments do dinoflagellates have?
chlorophyll a + c Carotenoids (peridinin) *are typically brown coloured
59
How do dinoflagellates move?
2 flagella which beat within 2 grooves. theca of cellulose plates 1 trailing flagellum and one inside
60
Do dinoflagellates produce algal blooms?
Yes most common producers of toxic blooms in brackish and marine waters.
61
What kind of toxins are produced by dinoflagellates?
Dino toxin (saxitoxin which is a paralytic neurotoxin) Alexandrium and karenia
62
How can the toxins produced by dinoflagellates reach humans?
via shellfish which act as carriers they accumulate
63
Why is a great research interest taken in dinoflagellates?
Dinoflagellates are bioluminsecent Dinoflagellates have the ability to reduce the effects of aging. (luciferase comes from here)
64
What pigment to euglenophyta contain?
Carotenoids Chlorophylls a + b (grass-green)
65
How do euglenoids get their energy?
Via photosynthesis and phagocytosis
66
How do euglenoids reproduce?
Asexually via cell division
67
What is the eyespot's function in euglenoids?
They can use it to detect light and move towards it
68
Where can euglinoids be found?
Typically in pulluted environments
69
What features make euglenoids different from other algae?
They are both phagocytic and photosynthetic showing they had both animal and plant traits
70
What are phaeophyta?
Brown algae which typically can be seen washed up on the beach
71
What do phaeophyta (brown algae) look like?
undifferentiated vegetative bodies Brown
72
What pigments do phaeophyta contain?
Chlorophyll a and c Carotenoids (fucoxanthin)
73
Where can phaeophyta (brown algae) typically be seen?
Floating in ocean water
74
What are characteristic features of phaeophyta (brown algae)?
Contain an air filled bladder which makes them float and carries them towards light (some are filamentous) They are the largest algae in size
75
What structure do phaeophyta store glucose in?
vacuoles in the form of laminarin (a beta -1,3 glucose polymer)
76
What is the cell wall of phaeohyta made of?
cellulose alginic acid which makes emuslifiers sulphated polysaccharides which makes algae
77
What are some uses of agar?
Used to solidify media
78
How do phaeophyta reproduce?
sporic meiosis (motile haploid male and female zoospores which combine to fertilize and form diploid zygotes. Some exceptions to this reproduction cycle such as the mode of reproduction of fucus.
79
What are the names of the developing cells that form male and female zoospores?
antheridium and oogonium
80
Where do rhodophyta (red algae) live?
96% of them in marine water 4% in fresh water
81
What is the red algae's structure like?
Filamentous 2 major shapes; flat sheets, or 3d- branched
82
What are the main pigments in red algae?
chlorophyll a Carotenoids Phycobilins (R-phycoerythrin and R-phycocyanin)
83
How do Rhodophyta store glucose?
in floridean starch (amylopectin-like) which is glycogen like and is made up of an alpha 1,4 glucose polymer
84
What is the cell wall of rhodophyta made of?
cellulose (beta-1,6 polymer) sulphated polysaccharides which can be made into agar and carrageenans with some calcification in some rhodophytes
85
What are some uses of rhodophytes (red algae)?
Can be used to create agar Can be used to make food (sushi made from these as well as rice crackers, and by the Irish as laver bread)
86
How do red algae reproduce?
Gametes and zoospores are same size and fertilize and form a zygote elsewhere.
87
What pigments do diatoms, chrysophytes, and phaeophytes have in common?
Fucoxanthin
88
How does the moon affect the environment? How does this affect algae?
Water levels (tide) Low tide causes exposure of algae and in turn causes damage. High tide is more favourable for algae
89
How does moon affect algal dessication?
Littorial fringe (exposure to sprays only) Eulittorial zone (exposure during low tide) Sublittorial zone (below low tide, no exposure, always immersed) Different types of algae have different abilities to tolerate exposure to dryness.
90
How does the sun affect dessication of algae?
clear water means light can penetrate further allowing algal pigments to absorb the light. This effect is depth dependent. Green -> brown -> red Temperature and seasons affect algal diversity
91
How does pH affect algal diversity?
Affects photosynthesis pH is greater in rock pools (>9) and stable in open water (8.1 - 8.3)
92
How can algae be used as biological pH indicators?
More acidic conditions promote filamentous algae appearance and decrease in planktonic algae. Water below 5.8 result in most diatoms and algae to disappear
93
How can algal blooms be used to understand contents of the water?
Sewage, organic matter, and chemical fertilizers result in an increase in nutrient supply. (Low N:P ratio = cyanobacterial blooms; High N:P ratio = green flagellates and diatoms dominate. Organic matter, nitrates of phosphates = increase in microcystis, scendesmus, hydrodictyon and chlorella Oil pollution can be detected by several algae
94
How can algal blooms be used to measure heavy metals?
They can absorb heavy metals and several species can grow such as cladophora, chlorella and stigeoclonium
95
Which of the following are indicators of clean water? Chlamydomonas Cyanobacteria Euglena Scendesmus None of the above
None of the above. Desmis golden algae
96
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Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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