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Plant Diversity > Lecture 3 RH > Flashcards

Lecture 3 RH Flashcards

1
Q

What replaces leaves in bryophytes, lycophytes and acacia?

A

Bryophytes do not have true leaves.

lycophytes have microphylls rather than true leaves

acacia have phyllotes

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of vascular plants (tracheophytes)?

A

lycophytes

manillophytes

lignophytes

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3
Q

Which plants don’t have true leaves?

A

bryophytes

lycophytes

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4
Q

How long ago does fossil evidence suggest the existence of ferns?

A

tree fern fossils evidence goes back more than 300 million years

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5
Q

Which trees have true leaves?

A

euphyllophytes

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6
Q

Which plants dominated carboniferous era?

A

manillophytes

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7
Q

Do bryophytes have true roots?

A

bryophytes have rhizoids not true roots.

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8
Q

Which plants produce spores?

A

Everything up to gymnosperms are spore bearing plants the rest produce seeds

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of vascular plants?

A

Vascular tissue

Sporophyte dominant and assimilative

Cutin or suberin on aerial parts

Body on axis (stem)

Large SA/V ratio

Increase in size made possible by conducting tissue

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10
Q

What are the types of seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycopodiophyta

Sphenophyta

Psilophyta

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11
Q

What is the 3rd largest group of plants?

A

Whisk Fern (psilophyta)

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12
Q

What is happening to fern diversity?

A

It is getting more diverse

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13
Q

Do lycopods have true leaves?

A

No they have microphylls

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14
Q

Do sphenophytes have true leaves?

A

no they have microphylls in spirals

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15
Q

What are plants’ role in formation of coal?

A

Plants get compacted over time to form coal. Specifically lycophytes.

*oil and natural gas form from marine organisms

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16
Q

What is the dominance of seedless vascular plants? Is the gametophyte or the sporophyte reduced?

A

Sporophyte dominance, gametophytes are highly reduced in seedless vascular plants

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17
Q

What are the features of ferns?

A

Earliest fossils are 390 million years old.

Dominant plants 300 million years ago

Advancements over the mosses - vascular tissue and sporophyte dominance

Tree ferns in tropics are 5 - 15 meters tall, 2 -4 meter leaves

Sporophyte generation in ferns is a perennial plant with large complex leaves called fronds

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18
Q

What is the shape and role of fern gametophyte?

A

fern gametophyte is typically heart shaped and contains the antheridia and archegonia (it is monoecious)

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19
Q

How do ferns prevent self-fertilization?

A

Gametophytes mature at different times most of the time

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20
Q

How do gametophytes prevent self-fertilization?

A

They develop at different times

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21
Q

What are sori?

A

Clusters of sporangia

22
Q

What is a sporophyll?

A

A fertile leaf

23
Q

What are the 4 phyla of ferns and allies?

A

Lycopods (lycophyta)

whiskferns (psilophyta)

horsetails (sphenophyta)

true ferns (pteridophyta)

24
Q

What are the 5 groups of pteridophytes?

A

Fork-ferns (psilotum)

True ferns (Dicksonia)

Lycopods (lycopodium)

Horsetails (Equisetum)

Progymnosperms

25
Q

What are the features of fork-ferns?

A

Fossils 400 million years before present

First land plants

Simple structure

26
Q

What are the features of true ferns?

A

Leaves are large (megaphylls), pinnately divided (fronds), multiveined, circinnate vernation (uncoiling)

27
Q

What are the features of lycopods?

A

Small leaves

Single vein

Spores in thick-walled sporangia on top surface of leaves. Some are specialized for spore production (sporophylls)

28
Q

What are the features of lepidodendron?

A

diamond shaped pattern on stem.

tree form pteridophyte

heterosporous

primitive formation of leaves

29
Q

What ar ethe features of horsetails?

A

Whorled leaves

Silicified cell wall

Ribbed stem

30
Q

What are the features of progymnosperms?

A

Extinct species

Earliest they appeard was 390 million years before present

They are trees (Up to 20 meters)

‘Wood like gymnosperms’

Large fern-like leaves

31
Q

What are the types of growth habit?

A

Tree

Ground

Epiphytic

aquatic

32
Q

What is leave specialization?

A

Some ferns have leaves which carry out reproductive functions whereas others are important for photosynthesis.

33
Q

What is an an indusium?

A

This membrane covering the sorus

34
Q

What are sporangia?

A

Spore holding structures (10 to hundreds of spores)

35
Q

What is a stomium?

A

Maturing sporangium with and annulus of the way

36
Q

What are the features of the cells of the annulus?

A

Cells of the annulus have a thick cell wall

37
Q

How are spores released from sporangium?

A

When sporangium stretches it eventually snaps and releases the spores in a dispersed manner

38
Q

What is homospory and heterospory?

A

Homospory means only 1 type of spore is produced. Heterospory means multiple types of spores are produced

39
Q

What types of spores are there?

A

Megaspores and Microspores

40
Q

What is the difference between megaspores and microspores?

A

Megaspores: Large and only produce archegonia with eggs

Microspores only produce antheridia with antherizoids

41
Q

what is the difference between micro and mega sporangium chambers?

A

Microspores are contained in one large chamber called the microsporangium.

Megaspores are contained in several large chambers called megasporangiums

42
Q

What is the life cycle of the lycopod?

A

1) Mature sporophyte contains strobilus (false cone). Under their leaves is either a microsporangium or a megasporangium. Stem contains rhizospores
2) Sporangia walls rupture
2) Sporangium wall ruptures and produces rhizoids and archegonia in gametophyte

43
Q

What is a ligule?

A

ligule is a modified leaf that connects the lycopod leaf to the rest of the plant

44
Q

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

A

Highly reduced gametophtye

Female gametophyte is enclosed in sporophyte

Megasporangium is surrounded by integument

Megaspore develops in situ

Reproductive organs are within cones

Generally able to withstand extreme conditions

45
Q

What are the dessication-resistant features of gymnosperms?

A

Xeromorphic (store water)

Waxy (glaucous)

Hard-leaved (sclerophyllous)

Sunken stomata

Resin

46
Q

What are the extant classes of gymnosperms?

A

Coniferopsida

Cycadopsida

Gnetopsida

This means there are many extant monotypic genera with some genuses with single species which indicates a decline.

47
Q

What are the orders of gymnosperms?

A

3 orders extant and 1 extinct:

Coniferales (conifers) - still expanding

Taxales (yews) - declined but stable

Ginkgoales (maidenhair tree) - monotypic

48
Q

What are the “fruit” of gymnosperms and how are they different to that of angiosperms?

A

They are fleshy outgrowths rather than ovaries

49
Q

What are cycads?

A

Cycads are very old trees and have manoxylic wood (wood that is made up of soft, medullary rays) their leaves are palm-like.

They produce toxic alkaloids

50
Q

Where are the sporangia located in gymnosperms?

A

Within the cones

51
Q

How are cycads pollenated?

A

They are beetle pollenated which is different to other gymnosperms

Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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