Lecture 3 DA

Question 1

Are vascular plants sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?

Answer 1

Sporophyte.

Question 2

Do aerial plants have cutin or suberin?

Answer 2

Yes.

Question 3

How are vascular plants classified (2)?

Answer 3

By dispersal - via spores (unicellular) or by seeds (multicellular).
By sperm transport - H20 or pollen

Question 4

What are the seedless vascular plants (4)?

Answer 4

Ferns
Lycopodiophyta
Sphenophyte
Psilotophyta

Question 5

Do ferns have true leaves? What about lycopodiophyta?

Answer 5

Ferns have true leaves, lycopodiophyra dont, they have microfils.

Question 6

What are some advantages that ferns have over moss (2)?

Answer 6

Has vascular tissue

Dominant sporophytes

Question 7

What is the gametophyte of ferns like?

Answer 7

Small, and shortlived, can be photosynthetic.

Only a few cell layers thick.

Question 8

What is a source of carbon for fern gametophytes?

Answer 8

Has an association with a fungus, provides carbon.

Question 9

Do fern sperm require water?

Answer 9

Yes, needed to swim to the egg.

Question 10

When a fern egg is fertilised, where does it grow?

Answer 10

The zygote grows out of, and becomes independent from, the gametophyte.

Question 11

Do ferns grow on other plants?

Answer 11

Yes, but are not parasitic.

Question 12

What can be found on the underside of ferns? What do they release?

Answer 12

Structures called sori (sorus singular).

Produces haploid spores.

Question 13

What do fern spores do when released?

Answer 13

They germinate into gametophytes.

Question 14

Where are fern gametophytes found?

Answer 14

On the underside of fern leaves.

Question 15

What is a rhizome, and what grows out of it?

Answer 15

Its an underground modified stem. True stems shoot out of it.

Question 16

What are pteridophytes?

Answer 16

Ferns and allies.

Question 17

Where are xylem and phloem found relative to each other?

Answer 17

Phloem is found on the outer edge, whereas xylem is on the inside.

Question 18

What is the diameter of xylem relative to phloem?

Answer 18

Xylem has a larger diameter.

Question 19

What did xylem and phloem development allow for in vascular plants? What is an advantage of this?

Answer 19

Allowed for crown development. Meant their leaves could be out of the reach of herbivores.

Question 20

What is secondary thickening? What does it do?

Answer 20

Cells lay down a primary wall. Within it, they lay down a secondary wall, mainly lignin. Gives support and rigidity.

Question 21

What is wood moslty made of?

Answer 21

Dead xylem cells.

Question 22

What are the main groups of pteridophytes (5)?

Answer 22

Fork ferns
True ferns
Lycopods
Horsetails
Progymnosperms

Question 23

What were the first land plants?

Answer 23

Fork ferns.

Question 24

Do fork ferns have leaves or roots?

Answer 24

They lack true leaves or roots.

Question 25

How are fork ferns branched? Are they vascular?

Answer 25

Dichotomously branched. They are vascular.

Question 26

What are the leaves of true ferns called? Are they true leaves?

Answer 26

Has true leaves called fronds. They are large, called megaphylls.

Question 27

How are true fern leaves divided? How many veins do they have?

Answer 27

Pennately divided. Are multiveined.

Question 28

What shape do true ferns have?

Answer 28

Circinnate vernation. Theyre uncoiling.

Question 29

What are lycopods like?

Answer 29

Small leaved, with single veins.

Question 30

What are horsetails like?

Answer 30

Whorled leaves, that are silicified. They have ribbed stems.

Question 31

Do progymnosperms exist?

Answer 31

No, theyre extinct.

Question 32

What are progymnosperms like?

Answer 32

Are spore-forming trees with fern-like leaves. They have gymnosperm-like wood.

Question 33

Can leaves be specialised? What is the difference between sterile and fertile leaves?

Answer 33

Yes, ferns can specialise their leaves. | Some are sterile, which are true leaves, or fertile, which are false leaves.

Question 34

What is an annulus, and what are they found on?

Answer 34

Most true ferns have them, found on sporangia. Has thick cell walls. Thicker on the inside than the outside and is water-filled.

Question 35

What is a prothallus?

Answer 35

Gametophyte.

Question 36

What does a prothallus have on it?

Answer 36

Archegonia and antheridia which produce gametes.

Question 37

What do sporangia have in them besides an annulus?

Answer 37

Spores.

Question 38

Where can sporangia be found?

Answer 38

Axial surface of leaves.

Question 39

What is meant by homo and heterosporous?

Answer 39

Homosporous - only one type of spore majority. Heterosorous have more than one.

Question 40

What is a megaspore?

Answer 40

Large, produces only archegonia which make eggs.

Question 41

What is a microspore?

Answer 41

Small, only produce antheridia, which make sperm/antherozoids.

Question 42

What do megasporangia produce?

Answer 42

4 megaspores, 3 of which degenerate.

Question 43

What do microsporangia produce?

Answer 43

Masses of microspores/sperm.

Question 44

What do gymnosperms have that ferns and allies dont?

Answer 44

Advanced vascular tissue, particularly xylem.

Question 45

Are gymnosperms sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?

Answer 45

Sporophyte dominant. More highly reduced gametophytes.

Question 46

What is a female gymnosperm gametophyte enclosed in? What does this form later on?

Answer 46

Enclosed entirely in a sporophyte, produced in a sporangium. surrounded by an integument. Forms a protective seed coat in a mature seed.

Question 47

What is a male gymnosperm gametophyte enclosed in?

Answer 47

Pollen grain.

Question 48

Where do gymnosperm megaspores develop?

Answer 48

Within megasporangium.

Question 49

Where are gymnosperm reproductive organs found?

Answer 49

Within cones, male and female cones respectively.

Question 50

What features of gymnosperms makes them dessication resistant (5)?

Answer 50

``` Have a waxy surface (glaucous) Are xeromorphic Hard leaved (sclerophyllous) Sunken stomata Resin ```

Question 51

What are the classes of gymnosperms (3)?

Answer 51

Coniferopsida Cycadopsida Gnetopsida

Question 52

What is the living tissue of conifer wood like?

Answer 52

Only has living tissue in the core. Wood is layered in rings.

Question 53

Do gymnosperms produce fruit?

Answer 53

No, only angiosperms produce fruit. Some have false fruit (yew).

Question 54

What is a fruit?

Answer 54

Mature ovaries.

Question 55

What is the leaves and wood of Cycadopsida like? Is it cone bearing? What are its defences?

Answer 55

Leaves are palm-like. Wood is manoxylic. Is cone bearing. Produces toxic alkaloids.

Question 56

Where are the pollen sacs and ovules of Cycadopsida found?

Answer 56

Male cones have pollen sacs at their base, which are the microsporangia, will produce microspores. Female cone shave ovules within them.

Question 57

What is the reproduction of gymnosperms like in general?

Answer 57

They take a long time to develop.