Lecture 1 DA Algae Flashcards by Davud Akgun

Where did plants originate from?

Water.

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Do non-plant life have chlorophyll?

Yes.

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Are all plants involved in photosynthesis?

Yes.

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What did most land plants evolve from?

Ancestral green algae.

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What did most marine plants evolve from?

Ancestral red algae.

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Are green algae multyi-cellular?

Yes.

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Are cyanobacteria considered to be plants?

No, theyre classified as bacteria.

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What is the colour of plants based on the depth of water?

Green at the surface, and towards brown and red as you go deeper.

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What are the three sailinity types and their concentrations?

Fresh - 0ppm
Brackish - 0.5-30ppm
Sea - 30-50ppm

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What are the 5 types of classification for algae?

Pigment
Chloroplast structure
Food storage
Cell wall composition
Flagellation

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What is the strongest wavelength?

Green

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What is the most common phytoplankton?

Diatom/bacillariophyta

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What is the architecture of datoms?

Unicellular or colonial

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Are diatoms motile?

No.

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What types of raphe do diatoms have, and which is best for floating?

Centric or pennate

Centric is best for floating

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Why can diatoms be used as an indicator for fresh water (2)?

They have pH sensitivity, and sink with poor nutrient conditions.

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Do diatoms produce toxins?

Some do

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How do diatoms reproduce?

Asexually

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What are diatoms encased in?

Frustule

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What colour are chrysophyra?

golden

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What salinity can chrysophyta live in and are they motile?

Mostly fresh water.

Can be both motile or non-motile.

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How can chrysophyta be used as a clean water indicator?

They grow better in clean water and bloom with high nutrients.

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How do chrysophyta reproduce?

Asexually

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What is the architecture of chrysophyta?

Unicellular, colonial and siphonous (hollow tubular colony)

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Are green algae always green?

No, some have other pigments

What are the three main classes of green algae?

Chlorophyceae Ulvophyceae Charophyceae

Are green algae motile?

Only with flagella

What is the architecture of green algae?

Colonial or unicellular

What class do desmids fall under (green algae)?

Charophyceae

How can charophyceae be used as a fresh water indicator?

They have reduced numbers in dirty water.

What is the structure of green algae?

2 filamentous forms, branched and unbranched Basal filaments hold upright filaments, which also branch Can also be siphonous - hollow tubes, have large ends called utricles

In green algae reproduction, which is larger, male or females?

Females

What is the importance of chlorophytes (3)?

Food source Coral reefs Pollution indicators

What do cyanobacteria produce for nitrogen fixation?

Heterocysts

Are cyanobacteria motile?

Yes, they are motile by gliding

What is the structure of cyanobacteria?

Filamentous with a gelatinous sheath.

What is the food product of cyanobacteria?

Glycogen

In what environment do cyanobacteria thrive in?

Nitrogen-rich

Are cyanobacteria colonial or unicellular?

Can be both

How are cyanobacteria classified?

Branched and unbranched | Can also have true and false branching

What is characterisic of a cyanobacteria bloom (4)?

Is oily and doesn't allow light to penetrate, killing what's below Also produces toxins Has a bad odour

How many flagella do dinoflagellata have?

2, one is hidden inside

What are the primary producers of coral reefs, and why?

Dinoflagellates, they produce glycerol necessary for coral reef formation.

Do dinoflagellata exhibit bioluminescence?

Yes, via luciferase

Are euglenophyta colonial or unicellular?

Mostly unicellular

What water type do euglenophyta live in?

Mostly fresh water

How do euglenophyta reproduce?

Asexually

True or false | Euglenophyta are not phagocytic

False

Are euglenophyta motile?

Yes

How do euglenophyta move towards light?

An eyespot.

What is a lorica?

A protective sheath on euglenophyta

How can euglenophyta be used as an environmental marker?

They thrive in polluted areas.

What colour are phaeophyta?

Brown

Do all phaeophyta float?

No, some can be filamentous or siphonous

What is the purpose of floating?

Allows better light access

What is characteristic of phaeophyta?

They have an air filled bladder

Where is alginic acid for agar gel use derived from?

Phaeophyta cell wall

How many cell cycles do phaeophyta have?

2, sporic meiosis and another with fucus

Describe sporic meiosis.

Has an equal number of males and female gametes, and are equal sizes.

Describe phaeophyta fucal reproduction.

Cant see the reproductive organ, male and female gametes are produced in a receptacle

What colour are rhodophyta?

Red

Where are rhodophyta found?

Deeper in the ocean

What does rhodophyta store?

A starch compound similar to amylopectin

What are the three zones created by tidal movement?

- Littorial - above tidal zone, gets sprays, not submerged but is moist. - Eulittorial - low/high tide mark, exposed during low tide. - Sublittorial - below low tide, no exposure, always submerged.

What effect does the sun have on algae morphology?

Makes the colour of algae depth dependent

How does pH affect algae?

pH affects photosynthesis. | CaCO3 can precipitate at higher temperatures, changing the H+ levels and affecting photosynthesis.

What is the pH of open water?

~8.2

What is the pH of rock pools?

What can be used as a high acidity indicator?

High filamentous algae levels

What can be used as an indicator for acidity due to chemicals/acid rain?

Low planktonic algae levels

Regarding the presence of algae, what happens with a pH of

Most algae and diatoms disappear

Which algae blooms with a low N:P ratio?

Cyanobacteria

Which algae blooms with a high N:P ratio?

Green flagellate/diatoms

What pigments do diatoms/baccilariophyta contain (4)?

- Chlorophylls a + c (c1+c2) | - Fucoxanthin (carotenoid)

What pigments do chrysophyta contain (4)?

- Chlorophylls a + c (c1+c2) | - Fucoxanthin (carotenoid)

What pigments do chlorophyta contain (2)?

Chlorophyll a and b | Note - Not all are green, some have carotenoids and xanthophyll

What pigments do cyanobacteria contain (3)?

- Chlorophyll a - Phycobillin (2) - -Phycocyanin-blue - -Phycoerythrin

What pigments do dinoflagellata contain (3)?

- Chlorophylls a+c2 | - Peridinin (carotenoid)

What pigments do euglenophyta contain (3)?

- Chlorophylls a+b | - Carotenoids

What pigments do phaeophyta contain (4)?

- Chlorophylls a+c (c1+c2) | - Fucoxanthin (carotenoid)

What pigments do rhodophyta contain (4)?

- Chlorophyll a - Carotenoids - Phycobilins - -R-phycoerythrin - -R-phycocyanin