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CAPS391 Winter 2023 > Lecture 8-10: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 8-10: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

fxn of NS

A

maintain homeostasis (along with endocrine system)

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2
Q

which is faster, endocrine or nervous? more widespread?
longer lasting effect?

A

nervous sytem=faster

widespread and long-lasting effect: endocrine

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3
Q

components of
NS

A

CNS=brain, spinal cord
PNS= cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

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4
Q

define ganglia

A

group of nerve cell bodies which reside outside CNS

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5
Q

nucleus

A

group of nerve cell bodies which reside inside CNS

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6
Q

fxn of CNS vs PNS

A

PNS: collecting sensory info from body & distribute motor response

CNS:Process that information, initiate motor repsonse to sensory stimulus. motor response will be distributed my PNS

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7
Q

possible sources of sensory info collected by PNS

A

somatic senses=touch,temp,pain (i.e. skin)

visceral senses= VAGUE sense. info from internal organs. doesn’t reach concious level mostly (i.e. BP from blood vessel)

special senses=vision,smell,hearing

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8
Q

Divisions of Motor Output PNS

A

Somatic Nerves: target skeletal muscle

Autonomic division
1) Sympathetic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
2) Parasympathetic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
3) Enteric plexus (smooth muscle and glands of digestive canal)

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9
Q

when do u start to develop NS

A

end of week 3 gestation. hollow straiht tube (neural tube) develops

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10
Q

what are the three primary cerebral vesicles that are first to develop at week 3/4

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
    3.rhombencephalon
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11
Q

what happens at week 5

A

primary vesicles subdivide into secondary cerebral vesicles

prosencephalon ==> Telencephalon & DIencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhomebencephalon = Metencephalon & Myencephalon

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12
Q

what do the 5 secondary cerebral vesiscles give rise to

A
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13
Q
A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon

green part to become spinal cord

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14
Q
A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
    MESENcephalon
  3. Metencephalon
  4. Myelencephalon
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15
Q

whats what

A

left=cerebellum
right=pons

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16
Q
A

midbrain

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17
Q
A

diencephalon

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18
Q
A

cerebrum

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19
Q
A

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

length of spinal cord

A

43-45 cm

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21
Q

where is spinal cord enlarged

A
  1. cervical enlargment- nerves to upper limbs
  2. lumber enlargment- nerves target lower limbs

more nervous tissue here

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22
Q

Conus Medularis

A

reverse cone shaped part at distal end of spinal cord

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23
Q

where does spinal cord start/end

A

start: CI
End: intervertebral disc btw LI-LII

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24
Q

two types of nervous tissue

A
  1. gray matter: nerve cell bodies
  2. white: myelinated nerve fibres
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25
gray matter in spinal cord
at the core.
26
white matter in spinal cord
surrounds gray matter
27
Horns of spinal cord
Anterior horn: MOTOR neurons Posterior horn: SENSORY neurons Lateral horn: not present throughout length of spinal cord, only certain segments. Present btw TI to LII segments [sympathetic neurons & SII and SIV [parasympathetic neurons]
28
where is lateral horn
btw tI and LII [sympathetic] SII and SIV [parasympathetic]
29
Columns of spinal cord
=bundles of white matter = tracts 1. Anterior column 2. Posterior column 3. Lateral column columns are mixed btw sensory and motor but INDIVIDUAL TRACTS cannot contain both
30
ventral root
axon of MOTOR NEURON which reside in anterior root
31
Dorsal Root
carries nerve fibres which are arising from sensory neuron, come together very close to spinal cord. form cluster outside spinal cord (DRG) dorsal root carries sensory fibre
32
how many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs. each spinal nerve is MIXED (both sensory and motor fibres)
33
ascending vs descending pathway
ascending= sensory descending = motor
34
Typical sensory pathway
First order neuron in DRG Second order neuron either in posterior horn of spinal cord OR brainstem. Decussates e Third order nucleus in thalamus
35
Medial Lemniscal/dorsal column
Collects proprioception and fine touch. SENSORY pathway
36
Spinothalamic pathway
SENSORY pathway picks up pain, temp, crude touch. First order in DRG Second in posterior horn, decussates ascend contralaterally to medulla
37
typical motor pathway
Upper MN: in cortex. sends axon to brainstem. Decussation always done by UMN. either in Brainstem, or in spinal cord Lower MN in spinal cord (anterior horn)
38
anterior corticospinal pathway
sits in anterior column of spinal cord Upper MN decussates in medulla targest muscles of core
39
lateral corticospinal pathway
in lateral column of spinal cord targets limbs upper MN decussates in medulla
40
label these brainstem structures
1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongato 4. Spinal cord
41
4th cerebral ventricle
42
label A,B,C
A: CNVIII Nuclei: Sensory nerve B:CNX Nucleus: Parasympathetic nucleus C: CNXII nucleus: Motor nerve (supplies muscles of tongue) within brainstem, motor nuclei are closest to midline. sensory are quite lateral, PSN nuclei are in btw
43
how is gray matter organized in brainstem?
no longer in horns. divided into smaller pieces = nuclei. majority associated with cranial nerves note: ALL motor/sensory pathways are present in brainstem
44
reticular forrmation controls alertness connects everything, receives all senses, projects everywhere controls visceral reflexes
45
inferior olivary nucleus enables you to learn new motor skills
46
A= medial leminiscus (sensory pathway) B= corticospinal tract (motor)
47
A=mibrain B=pons C=medulla oblongata
48
A= superior (controls visual reflexes) and inferior (controls auditory reflexes) colliculi B=4th cerebral ventricle C=Cerebellar peduncles. connecting points btw cerebellum and brain stem on either side of ventricle D=Cranial Nerves
49
structure? function?
red nucleus. cooperates with cerebellum for coordination of fine movement damage= intentional tremors
50
structure? function?
coordinatino of gross movements. lesion=PD (shufling gait)
51
strucuter? function?
reticular formation. role in being awake, visceral things. found throughought midbrain
52
cerebral aquaduct. upward continuation of 4th ventricle
53
superior colliculus
54
CNIII nucleus= motor nucleus.
55
cerebral peduncle. contains all motor pathways
56
what divides the anterior and posterior cerebellum
primary fissure
57
what separetes RH and LH of cerebellum
Vermis
58
folia
folding
59
differences btw fissure and sulcus
fissure is deeper
60
most important functino of cerebellum
maintain ballance.
61
A: anterior lobe B: primary fissure C: cerebellar cortex
62
A: arbor vitae (white matter) B: posterior lobe C: 4th cerebral ventricle
63
Cerebellar peduncles
3 pairs of myelinated fibres 1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: connects to midbrain 2> Middle Cerebellar Peduncle: connects to pons 3. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle: connects to medulla
64
where is third ventricle
btw two hemispheres. Diencephalon surrounds it
65
main structures of diencephalon
thalamus: sensory relay hypothalamus: regulate endocrine, ANS Pineal: produce melatonin, circadian rhtym, sex
66
gyrus
= holds separated by sulci
67
Frontal lobe
motor centre personality, judgement, planning, decision
68
Occipital lobe
visual
69
temporal lobe
sensory (hearing)
70
parietal
general sensory (pain, temp, touch)
71
3 main sulci:
Central: separates frontal and prietal lateral: separates temporal and frontal Parietal occipital: btw paretal and occipital
72
Basal Ganglia made up of?
1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Lentiform Nucleus (Putamen, Globus Pallidus)
73
Caudate Nucleus
74
A: Putamen B: Globus Pallidus Together = lentiform nucleus
75
fxn basal ganglia
coordinate gross movement, initiate/stop thoughts
76
association fibres
connect gyri of same hemisphere
77
commissural fibres
connect same structure in diff hemispheres (i.e. corpus callosum)
78
projection fibres
connect cerebrum to lower centres (i.e. internal capsule)
79
lateral ventricle anterior horn
80
inter-ventricular forament
81
posterior horn
82
left= cerebral aquaduct right = fourth ventricle
83
top = third ventricle bottom = inferior horn
84
How much CSF is produced each day?
500 mL only 150 mL in body at once, replaced 3x a day
85
what are the layers of meninges
Dura mater (tough, thick, external fibrous layer) Arachnoid matter (thin intermediate_ Pia mater (delicate internal vascular)
86
how is pia and arachnoid mater separated
subarachnoid space, which contains CSF
87
how is CSF formed
by the choroid plexus within the 4 ventricles
88
what are the layers of dura mater
peiosteal layer (external) meningeal layer
89
dural infoldings
The internal meningeal layer of the dura reflects away from the external periosteal layer of the dura to form dural infoldings (reflections), which divide the cranial cavity into compartment The four dural infoldings are the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae.
90
superior and inferior sagittal sinus
between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura dura. large irregular veins. carry venous blood. superior is one of the largest sinuses in cranial cavity, it is attached to the falx cerebri
91
explain pathway of CSF from lateral ventricle into the circulatory system
Lateral ventricles produce CSF travels via interventricular foramen to third ventricle CSF flows from there into 4th through cerebral aqueduct More CSF added here, Median aperture: midline of fourth ventricles. One opening where CSF can escape After exiting through median aperture, CSF enters subarachnoid space. Arachnoid villus: finger like projections into subarachnoid space. Act as unidirectional bows. Allow CSF to drain into sinuses
92
arachnoid villus/granulation
93
top=median aperture (midline of 4th ventricle. one opening where CSF can escape) bottom= subarachnoid space
94
top= interventricular foramen (connects third to lateral) mid: third ventricle bottom; cerebral aqueduct
95
top= superior sagital sinus bot= lateral ventricle
96
label A-D
A: Subarachnoid Space B:skin C: superior sagittal sinus D: arachnoid villus
97
label E-H
E: periosteal F: meningeal G: Arachnoid Mater H: Pia Mater
98
where does spinal cord end
vertebrae LI-LII
99
lumbar cistern
the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar spinal canal. space btw end of spinal cort LI-LII) and vertebra SII. contains roots spinal nerves and CSF The bundle of spinal nerve roots in the lumbar cistern of the subarachnoid space caudal to the termination of the spinal cord resembles a horse’s tail, hence its name cauda equina
100
cauda equina
bundle of ventral and dorsal roots of the lumbar, sacral, coccygeal spinal nerves
101
dermatome
area of skin innervated by single spinal nerve/spinal cord segment
102
myotome
part of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve/cord segment
103
how are spinal nerves named
after spinal cord segments 1. C1-C8 2. T1-T12 3. L1-L5 4. S1-S5 5.Co (pair of nerves)

CAPS391 Winter 2023 (29 decks)

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