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CAPS391 Winter 2023 > Lecture 3: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 regions of spine

A

1.Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
Coccygeal

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2
Q

How many vertebrae in cervical region?

A

7

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3
Q

How many vertebrae in thoracic region?

A

12

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4
Q

How many vertebrae in lumbar region?

A

5

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5
Q

How many vertebrae in sacrum?

A

1! it is 5 fused together before birth

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6
Q

How can we classify curvatures of spine?

A

in two ways:
A)
1. primary- present at birth (thoracic, sacral)
2. secondary- not present at birth (cervical, lumbar)

B)
1. Dynamic- can change based on body position (cervical, thoracic, lumbar)
2. Static- can’t change (sacral)

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7
Q

what is the purpose of dynamic curvatures?

A

INCREASE resistance of vertebral column against compressive forces up to 10 fold!

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8
Q

When does a baby acquire cervical curvature?

A

when it can hold its head/neck
3 months

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9
Q

when do we acquire lumbar curvature

A

when begin walking. 18 mnths

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10
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggeration of thoracic curvature only

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11
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggeration of lumbar/cervical curvature

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12
Q

Scoliosis

A

: side curvature develops in spine or vertebral column

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13
Q

when is scoliosis considered a pathology?

A

above 5 degrees
btw 5-30= physio
above 30 = surgery

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14
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

contain CSF
when u stack vertebrae, these foramina form the vertebral canal. in the middle of a typical vertebra

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15
Q

what is the vertebral arch composed of?

A
  1. Pedicle: thick piece of bone
  2. lamina: flat, thin bone
    also has bony processes attached on both sides (transverse processe)

Where the two laminae join together = spinous process = palatable for most vertebrae

transverse process articulate with costal tubercle of rib

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16
Q

spinous process

A

where two laminae join together. can feel this on most vertebrae

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17
Q

articular process

A

connect adjacent vertebrae
typical vertebrae have superior and inferior articular process

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18
Q

articular facet

A

smooth concave surface of process

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19
Q

what features does a typical cervical vertebra have?

A

Bifid spinous process (split in 2)

Transverse forman on transverse process. an artery travels through theseq

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20
Q
A

Atlas

first cervical vertebra
ATYPICAL

no vertebral body, instead it has an anterior arch
instead of vertebral arch, have a posterior arch

lateral masses where anterior and posterior arches join. on these are articular facets which articulate CI to occipital bone (occipital condyle) and CII

21
Q

CII

A

spinous process is almost bifid

has dens: process whicih projects from body of CII superiourly, articulates with atlas
=axis of rotation btw CI and CII

22
Q

unique features of thoracic vertebrae

A

spinous process is very long and points inferiourly

23
Q

unique features of lumbar vertebrae

A

large body
relatively short spinous process

24
Q

sacrum

A

○ 5 bones fused. Remnants of 5 pieces is visible by the transverse ridges (remnants of intervertebral discs which have ossified (turned into bones) no more sign of discs, just horizontal ridges)
○ Body of SI at top, other ridges repesent SII, SIII, SIV, SV
○ Sacral Ala (means wing)- two wings on each side
○ Apex= distal end
○ Superior border of SI is Sacral Promontory (means nose) promotes into pelvic cavity****
§ Promontory is border of SI INTO PELVIC CAVITY
○ Foramina = exit point of spinal nerves. Present in front and back -= ANTERIOR or POSTERIOR SACRAL FORAMINA (depends on view)

25
Q

transverse ridges

A

(remnants of intervertebral discs which have ossified (turned into bones) no more sign of discs, just horizontal ridges)

26
Q

3 main parts of sternum

A
  1. Manubrium-top
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process- most distal
27
Q

jugular notch

A

above manubrium
- pt at which manubrium articulates with body
- horiztonal ridge

28
Q

sternal angle

A

below jugular notch
where trachea ends
where aorta makes big arch
horizontal plane thru passes thru TIV and TV disk

29
Q

true ribs

A

first 7 pairs
directly articulate with sternum

30
Q

false ribs

A

bottom 5 pairs

3 still connect to sternum via cartilage of rib 7

31
Q

free ribs

A

last 2 ribs which have no attachment to sternum

32
Q

costal angle

A

point at which rib bends sharply

33
Q

Costal groove

A

inferior border of body. Shallow groove
○ Nerves and blood vessels travel thru groove

34
Q
  • Head of rib
A

articulates with 2 vertebrae

35
Q

costal tubercle

A

carries an articular facet, which articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebra

36
Q

which vertebrae is this

A

atlas
CI

37
Q

which vertebrae is this

A

cII

38
Q
A

dens
Articulates with atlas
Enables us to rotate our neck
Dens = axis of rotation between CI and CII

39
Q

what type of vertebrae is this

A

thoracic

40
Q

which type of vertebrae is this

A

lumbar

41
Q
A

left side-sacral ala
right side-sacral promontory**border into pelvic cavity

42
Q

what is the distal end of the sacrum called

A

apex
articulates with coccyx

43
Q
A

left=auricular surface. articulates wit hip
right- sacral canal

44
Q
A

left=sacral crests
right=posterior sacral foramina

45
Q
A

l=sacral hiatus
r=coccyx

46
Q
A

top to bottom:
1. manubrium
2/ body
3/ xiphoid process

47
Q
A

sternal angle

xiphesternal joint

48
Q
A

jugular notch

2 inches below jugular notch= sternal angle ** VERY IMPORTANT
* Sternal angle is where trachea ends
* Where aorta makes a big arch
* If u pass horizontal plane through sternal angle it passes through intervertebral disc of TIV and TV DISK

49
Q

label these and which type of vertebrae is this?

A

thoracic

top:
left= transverse process
right= costal tubercle

bottom
left=body
right=head

CAPS391 Winter 2023 (29 decks)

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