Lecture 6/7 Joints Flashcards
How to classify joints in terms of fxn/physiology
based on their freedom of movement
1. Synarthrosis: very little (if any) movements
2. Amphyarthrosis: semi movable
3. Diarthrosis: freely movable
example of synarthrosis
skull
example of amphyarthrosis
i.e. btw left and right pubic bone “pubic synthesis. That joint is not normally movable, but in females during pregnancy, under effect of hormones, it becomes movable
example of diarthrosis joints
shoulder, knee, ankle, etc.
how to classify joints structually
- solid–no space in btw bones. Bones are attached, usually by connective tissue- type of connective tissue
a) fibrous (suture, syndesmosis gomphosis)[DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE]
b)cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis) - synovial-space btw bones (joint cavity)
a)monaxial
b)biaxial
C)multiaxial
d)nonaxial
suture
type of fibrous joint in which bones are attached together by a little bit of dense connective tissue
[solid joint]
syndesmosis
bones connected by dense connective tissue. mostly in form of a membrane
solid, fibrous joint
gomphosis
= fibrous joint (solid)
- bones attached together by ligaments
name of this ligament in image: periodontal ligament
Synchondrosis
cartilaginous joint
bones attached together by Hyaline cartilage
i.e. costal cartilage
symphysis
cartilaginous joint
bones held together by fibro cartilage
ie pubic cartilage, also all joints btw vertebral bodies
what is monoaxial joint, what are types
moves in one plane
hinge & pivot
synovial
what is biaxial joint, what are types
moves in 2 anatomical planes
saddle and condyloid
what is multiaxial joint, what are types
joints that move in all 3 planes
ex: ball and socket
synovial
what is nonaxial? ex?
small synovial joints in which bones can glide against each other but cannot define gliding in any standard anatomical plane
ex: plane
how many types of cartilage are there
3
hyaline
fibro
elastic
ligament
dense regular connective tissue
articular hyaline cartilage
synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid, lubricates surface, prevents friction
firbous capsul, made of dense connective tissue
periosteum
continous with ligament
purpose: carries stem cells
allows bone to grow in width, not length
what part of bone allows to grow in length
epiphyseal growth plate (lose at 20)
periosteum- grow in width. have for life
joint cavity
differentiatves btw synovial and solid
what part of joint destroys first in osteoarthritis
articular cartilage
- arthritis targets cartilage which has a poor blood supply, and is deprived of any sensory innervation. so as you lose it, you don’t feel any pain. pain starts once you have lost hyaline cartilage and the bones touch.
what is main target of rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membrane
when its targeted, it overproduces synovial fluid = swelling
overtime, the synovial fluid (which contains lot of protein), the content significantly increases, so in late stages, you get synovial gel which fails to lubricate articular surfaces properly. destroys cartilage
plane joint
= nonaxial joint
inter-tarsal joint
hinge joint
- elbow (also ankle)
= monoaxial (1 degree of freedom)
pivot joint
proximal radio-ulnar joint)- for supination, pronation
= monoaxial
condyloid joint
radiocarpal
=multi/bi
one convex, one concave articular surface. oval in shape
saddle joint. biaxial (i.e. carpometacarpal joint)
ball and socket joint (i.e. hip, shoulder)
multiaxial
articular surfaces are round/spherical
how many joints are formed btw two adjacent vertebrae
3
1)synthesis btw vertebral bodies
2/3)planar (synovial) joint btw inferior articular process & superior articular process (zygaphophyseal joints)
supraspinous ligament
connects tips of spinous processes
interspinous ligament
runs btw adjacent spinous processes
anterior lngitudinal ligament
runs in front of spinal bodies
posterior longitudibal ligament
runs behind spinal bodies
flaval ligament
runs btw adjacent laminae
Intervertebral disc
synthesis joint. fibro cartilage
2 compartments
Central part (nucleus pulposus)- thick consistency. Surrounded by layers of collagen bundles, which are named as annulus fibrosus. Main chemical content is hyaluronic acid which absorbds water. nucleus swells, acts as shock absorber. compressive forces can flatten nucleus purlposus. BELTS of collagen fibers prevent this from happening
Annulus fibrosus- collagen bundles. protects nucleus pulposus
disc hernia
nucleus pulposus is compressed, starts tearing layers of annulus fibrousus. Not painful, inside of disc is not sensitized BUT last layers are highly innervated. losing last layers of anulus fibrosus allows nucleus pulposus to completely flatten. vertebrae come close together, disc collapses = disc degeneration
bones can pinch spinal nerves, shooting pain
what type of joint is TMJ
synovial modified hinge joint
- moves in sagital plane BUT can also move side to side, back and forth
what does the condylar process of mandible articulate with?
temporal bone
what is this
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
part of temporal bone that receives mandible
fibrous capsule
articular disc- sits btw articular surfacesm
made of fibrocartilage
condylar process of mandible
what is TMJ articular surfaces covered with?
Fibral cartilage (only synovial joint NOT covered in hyaline). ideal for dealing with compressive forces
how to open jaw
have to unlock it, pull forward slightly (protraction of mandible)
glenohumeral joint- what type?
shulder joint
formd btw glenoid cavity and head of humerus
synovial ball and socket joint
long head of biceps brachii
subacromial bursa
-made of synovial membrane. produces synovial fluid. minimizes frctio nbtw tendon muscle and joint
top: coracohumeral ligament (extrinsic)
-stretch btw coracoid process of scapula and proximal end humerus
bottom: glenohumeral ligaments (intrinsic)
-reinforce fibrous capsule. thickening of capsule
left= subacromial bursa
top right= coracohumeral ligament
bottom righ = glenohumeral ligaments
glenoid cavity
articular surface of scapula
bordered by glenoid labrum
glenoid labrum
borders glenoid cavity
raises margin of cavity to increase depth, provide better thickness btw head of humerus and cavity. adds stability. made of fibrocartilage
what type of cartilage doesnt have perichondrium
fibrocartilage. no stem cells, not repairable
articular capsule
thicker in some areas (intrinsic ligaments,, i.e. glenohumeral)
left= subacromial bursa
right=labrum
left=articular cartilages (hyaline)
right=scapula
left=synovial membrane
right=joint cavity
left= long head of biceps brachii. enters joint
top right=glenoid labrum
bottom=articular capsule
how many joints in elbow joint capsule
3
what ligaments are in elbow joint complex
ulnar collateral: reinforces capsule of elbow
annular ligament: wraps around head of radius, easily dislocated
radial collateral ligament (seen in lateral view): reinforces fibrous capsule
olecranon bursa
separates skin from olecranon process
two components of carpal joint
radiocarpal: btw distal end of radius and proximal carpal bones
midcarpal: btw proximal and distal carpal bones
ligaments of carpal region
Palmar radiocarpal- connect radius
Ulnocarpal- connect ulnar
lateral collatoral
medial collateral
what type of joint is hip?
synovial ball and socket
fibrous capsule reinforced my intrinsic ligaments
what ligaments in hip
intrinsic:
1.iliofemoral: ileum to femur
2. pubofemoral- pubic and femur
3. ischiofemoral (seen in posterior view)
extrinsic:
4. round ligament (cross section ir sound)
round ligament of hip
attaches femur to acetabular fossa. EXTRINSIC
- This ligament acts as passage for blood vessel that supplies blood to head of femur
○ Damage = avascular necrosis. This is only risk until age 10. after that, receives blood from elsewhere
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament = right
INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS. provide side to side stability
what type of joint is knee
modified hinge
articular surfaces of knee
condyles of femur
condyles of tibia.
btw two are menisci
left=lateral meniscus
right=mediial meniscus
cushion articular surfaces against compressive forces AND raise edges of tibial dondyle, increase stability
top=posterior cruciate ligament
bottom=anterior cruciate ligament
provide anteroposterior stability btw femur and tibia
EXTRINSIC ligaments
left=medial meniscus
right=lateral
tendon of quad femoris- passes in front of knee. embraces patella
patellar ligament. continuation of quad tendon. attaches to tibila tuberosity
what type of joint is ankle
synovial hinge joint. PURE. only moves in saggital
ligaments in ankle
Medial (deltoid) ligament- three components of this one ligament
- Deltoid indicates shape (triangle)
Very strong
Lateral ligament
- Three components labeled, but there are more components (4)
Prone to sprain
what kind of joint is held together by hyaline cartilage
synchondrosis
what type of joint is 1st carpometacrpal
saddle
what type of joints are intervertebral
cartilaginous, symphysis, semi-movable
The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by …., and the ligament that runs between adjacent laminae of the
vertebral bodies that help to preserve upright posture is ….?
annulus fibrosus, ligamentum flavum
what is the joint with the largest range of motion
glenohumeral
ball and socket
