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CAPS391 Winter 2023 > Lecture 6/7 Joints > Flashcards

Lecture 6/7 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

How to classify joints in terms of fxn/physiology

A

based on their freedom of movement
1. Synarthrosis: very little (if any) movements
2. Amphyarthrosis: semi movable
3. Diarthrosis: freely movable

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2
Q

example of synarthrosis

A

skull

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3
Q

example of amphyarthrosis

A

i.e. btw left and right pubic bone “pubic synthesis. That joint is not normally movable, but in females during pregnancy, under effect of hormones, it becomes movable

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4
Q

example of diarthrosis joints

A

shoulder, knee, ankle, etc.

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5
Q

how to classify joints structually

A
  1. solid–no space in btw bones. Bones are attached, usually by connective tissue- type of connective tissue
    a) fibrous (suture, syndesmosis gomphosis)[DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE]
    b)cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis)
  2. synovial-space btw bones (joint cavity)
    a)monaxial
    b)biaxial
    C)multiaxial
    d)nonaxial
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6
Q

suture

A

type of fibrous joint in which bones are attached together by a little bit of dense connective tissue

[solid joint]

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7
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones connected by dense connective tissue. mostly in form of a membrane

solid, fibrous joint

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8
Q

gomphosis

A

= fibrous joint (solid)
- bones attached together by ligaments

name of this ligament in image: periodontal ligament

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9
Q

Synchondrosis

A

cartilaginous joint

bones attached together by Hyaline cartilage
i.e. costal cartilage

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10
Q

symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint
bones held together by fibro cartilage

ie pubic cartilage, also all joints btw vertebral bodies

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11
Q

what is monoaxial joint, what are types

A

moves in one plane
hinge & pivot

synovial

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12
Q

what is biaxial joint, what are types

A

moves in 2 anatomical planes
saddle and condyloid

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13
Q

what is multiaxial joint, what are types

A

joints that move in all 3 planes
ex: ball and socket

synovial

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14
Q

what is nonaxial? ex?

A

small synovial joints in which bones can glide against each other but cannot define gliding in any standard anatomical plane
ex: plane

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15
Q

how many types of cartilage are there

A

3

hyaline
fibro
elastic

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16
Q
A

ligament
dense regular connective tissue

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17
Q
A

articular hyaline cartilage

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18
Q
A

synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid, lubricates surface, prevents friction

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19
Q
A

firbous capsul, made of dense connective tissue

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20
Q
A

periosteum
continous with ligament

purpose: carries stem cells
allows bone to grow in width, not length

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21
Q

what part of bone allows to grow in length

A

epiphyseal growth plate (lose at 20)

periosteum- grow in width. have for life

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22
Q
A

joint cavity
differentiatves btw synovial and solid

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23
Q

what part of joint destroys first in osteoarthritis

A

articular cartilage
- arthritis targets cartilage which has a poor blood supply, and is deprived of any sensory innervation. so as you lose it, you don’t feel any pain. pain starts once you have lost hyaline cartilage and the bones touch.

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24
Q

what is main target of rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovial membrane
when its targeted, it overproduces synovial fluid = swelling

overtime, the synovial fluid (which contains lot of protein), the content significantly increases, so in late stages, you get synovial gel which fails to lubricate articular surfaces properly. destroys cartilage

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25
plane joint = nonaxial joint inter-tarsal joint
26
hinge joint - elbow (also ankle) = monoaxial (1 degree of freedom)
27
pivot joint proximal radio-ulnar joint)- for supination, pronation = monoaxial
28
condyloid joint radiocarpal =multi/bi one convex, one concave articular surface. oval in shape
29
saddle joint. biaxial (i.e. carpometacarpal joint)
30
ball and socket joint (i.e. hip, shoulder) multiaxial articular surfaces are round/spherical
31
how many joints are formed btw two adjacent vertebrae
3 1)synthesis btw vertebral bodies 2/3)planar (synovial) joint btw inferior articular process & superior articular process (zygaphophyseal joints)
32
supraspinous ligament
connects tips of spinous processes
33
interspinous ligament
runs btw adjacent spinous processes
34
anterior lngitudinal ligament
runs in front of spinal bodies
35
posterior longitudibal ligament
runs behind spinal bodies
36
flaval ligament
runs btw adjacent laminae
37
Intervertebral disc
synthesis joint. fibro cartilage 2 compartments Central part (nucleus pulposus)- thick consistency. Surrounded by layers of collagen bundles, which are named as annulus fibrosus. Main chemical content is hyaluronic acid which absorbds water. nucleus swells, acts as shock absorber. compressive forces can flatten nucleus purlposus. BELTS of collagen fibers prevent this from happening Annulus fibrosus- collagen bundles. protects nucleus pulposus
38
disc hernia
nucleus pulposus is compressed, starts tearing layers of annulus fibrousus. Not painful, inside of disc is not sensitized BUT last layers are highly innervated. losing last layers of anulus fibrosus allows nucleus pulposus to completely flatten. vertebrae come close together, disc collapses = disc degeneration bones can pinch spinal nerves, shooting pain
39
what type of joint is TMJ
synovial modified hinge joint - moves in sagital plane BUT can also move side to side, back and forth
40
what does the condylar process of mandible articulate with?
temporal bone
41
what is this
mandibular fossa of temporal bone part of temporal bone that receives mandible
42
fibrous capsule
43
articular disc- sits btw articular surfacesm made of fibrocartilage
44
condylar process of mandible
45
what is TMJ articular surfaces covered with?
Fibral cartilage (only synovial joint NOT covered in hyaline). ideal for dealing with compressive forces
46
how to open jaw
have to unlock it, pull forward slightly (protraction of mandible)
47
glenohumeral joint- what type?
shulder joint formd btw glenoid cavity and head of humerus synovial ball and socket joint
48
long head of biceps brachii
49
subacromial bursa -made of synovial membrane. produces synovial fluid. minimizes frctio nbtw tendon muscle and joint
50
top: coracohumeral ligament (extrinsic) -stretch btw coracoid process of scapula and proximal end humerus bottom: glenohumeral ligaments (intrinsic) -reinforce fibrous capsule. thickening of capsule
51
left= subacromial bursa top right= coracohumeral ligament bottom righ = glenohumeral ligaments
52
glenoid cavity articular surface of scapula bordered by glenoid labrum
53
glenoid labrum borders glenoid cavity raises margin of cavity to increase depth, provide better thickness btw head of humerus and cavity. adds stability. made of fibrocartilage
54
what type of cartilage doesnt have perichondrium
fibrocartilage. no stem cells, not repairable
55
articular capsule thicker in some areas (intrinsic ligaments,, i.e. glenohumeral)
56
left= subacromial bursa right=labrum
57
left=articular cartilages (hyaline) right=scapula
58
left=synovial membrane right=joint cavity
59
left= long head of biceps brachii. enters joint top right=glenoid labrum bottom=articular capsule
60
how many joints in elbow joint capsule
3
61
what ligaments are in elbow joint complex
ulnar collateral: reinforces capsule of elbow annular ligament: wraps around head of radius, easily dislocated radial collateral ligament (seen in lateral view): reinforces fibrous capsule
62
olecranon bursa
separates skin from olecranon process
63
two components of carpal joint
radiocarpal: btw distal end of radius and proximal carpal bones midcarpal: btw proximal and distal carpal bones
64
ligaments of carpal region
Palmar radiocarpal- connect radius Ulnocarpal- connect ulnar lateral collatoral medial collateral
65
what type of joint is hip?
synovial ball and socket fibrous capsule reinforced my intrinsic ligaments
66
what ligaments in hip
intrinsic: 1.iliofemoral: ileum to femur 2. pubofemoral- pubic and femur 3. ischiofemoral (seen in posterior view) extrinsic: 4. round ligament (cross section ir sound)
67
round ligament of hip
attaches femur to acetabular fossa. EXTRINSIC - This ligament acts as passage for blood vessel that supplies blood to head of femur ○ Damage = avascular necrosis. This is only risk until age 10. after that, receives blood from elsewhere
68
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament tibial (medial) collateral ligament = right INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS. provide side to side stability
69
what type of joint is knee
modified hinge
70
articular surfaces of knee
condyles of femur condyles of tibia. btw two are menisci
71
left=lateral meniscus right=mediial meniscus cushion articular surfaces against compressive forces AND raise edges of tibial dondyle, increase stability
72
top=posterior cruciate ligament bottom=anterior cruciate ligament provide anteroposterior stability btw femur and tibia EXTRINSIC ligaments
73
left=medial meniscus right=lateral
74
tendon of quad femoris- passes in front of knee. embraces patella
75
patellar ligament. continuation of quad tendon. attaches to tibila tuberosity
76
what type of joint is ankle
synovial hinge joint. PURE. only moves in saggital
77
ligaments in ankle
Medial (deltoid) ligament- three components of this one ligament - Deltoid indicates shape (triangle) Very strong Lateral ligament - Three components labeled, but there are more components (4) Prone to sprain
78
what kind of joint is held together by hyaline cartilage
synchondrosis
79
what type of joint is 1st carpometacrpal
saddle
80
what type of joints are intervertebral
cartilaginous, symphysis, semi-movable
81
The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by ...., and the ligament that runs between adjacent laminae of the vertebral bodies that help to preserve upright posture is ....?
annulus fibrosus, ligamentum flavum
82
what is the joint with the largest range of motion
glenohumeral ball and socket

CAPS391 Winter 2023 (29 decks)

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