Lecture 6: Achievement Motivation in Sport/Exercise Flashcards
What is achievement motivation popularly called in sport?
Competitiveness
What is an achievement situation?
A measurable performance for which the individual is responsible, which can and will be evaluated in terms of a standard of excellence (by self or others), where there is uncertainty in outcome (success/failure)
What are the 3 measures of achievement motivation?
- Direction
- Intensity
- Persistence
What is direction?
Motives, goals, goal orientations
What is intensity?
Arousal/activation levels
What is persistence?
Direction + intensity over-time
Why should achievement motivation be studied?
(1) Individual differences in achievement motivation affect participation and performance in sport/exercise.
(2) Achievement motivation is the basis of competitive (e.g., influences stress & anxiety)
What are attributions?
Attributions are the reasons that individuals give for their success or failure. What people attribute their performance to is the perceived cause of their performance. These attributions affect motivation.
What we attribute our success or failure tells us…
A lot about what was trying to be achieved in the first time.
What are the three categories of ‘attributions’?
(i) Stability
(ii) Causality
(iii) Control
What is stability?
Can be fairly permanent or unstable
What is causality?
Can be an internal or external factor
What is control?
A factor that is either under or not under our control
How do attributions affect achievement behaviour?
(i) Influence future performance & achievement behaviour; i.e., future motivation for an activity.
(ii) Attributions can influence emotions (e.g. state anxiety).
(iii) High and low achievers have different attributional patterns which account for differences in achievement behaviour.
Attributions are looking…
Back
Achievement goal theory is looking…
Forward
What is Achievement Goal Theory?
Multidimensional Achievement Motives
- individuals’ motivation and performance in achievement settings are influenced by their goal orientation
Goal orientations are different…
Personal definitions of success
What are the three different goal orientations?
(i) Task Orientation
(ii) Ego Orientation
(iii) Social Approval Orientation
What is task orientation?
PROCESS
- Focus on task/skill mastery
- Self focus
- Don’t focus solely on winning, focus on how to win
What is ego orientation?
PRODUCT
- Focus on social comparison and competition; ego
- Other focus
- Focus on being superior to others
- Can cause large stress and anxiety
What is social approval orientation?
PRAISE
- Focus on demonstrating effort, gaining approval and praise from significant others
- Other focus
- A pat on the back from someone that we respect
Each individual has multiple…
Goal orientations; they are dynamic, not either or
What represents an individuals definition of success?
The combination of their goal orientations
We must consider achievement goal orientations in order to…
Understand achievement motivation
What are the positives of task orientation?
- Keep improving
- less potential for stress and anxiety
- more intrinsic motivation
- Causes CONFIDENCE
What are the negatives of task orientation?
- frustration when progress is slow or difficult to measure
- overemphasis on personal improvement
What are the positives of ego orientation?
- increased motivation to outperform others
- strong competitive drive
- higher performance in competitive settings
What are the negatives of ego orientation?
- increased anxiety and stress
- reduced intrinsic motivation
- a tendency to avoid challenging tasks for fear of failure
What is the “best” goal orientation combination?
high task + moderate to high ego
What is the equation for motivation?
Direction (Goals) + Intensity (Arousal & Anxiety)
All sport is achievement-motivation but…
not all achievement-motivation is sport
What does the achievement motivation diagram look like?
Centre = Competition/Sport
Middle = Achievement Motivation
Outside = Motivation
