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SPEX204 > Lecture 12 & 13: Depression and Anxiety > Flashcards

Lecture 12 & 13: Depression and Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

What is depression?

A

A transient mood or a clinical disorder

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2
Q

What are 2 key signs of depression?

A
  • Constantly feeling down or hopeless
  • Having little interest of pleasure in doing things you used to enjoy
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3
Q

What are treatment options for depression?

A
  • Medication
  • Psychotherapy
  • PA?
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4
Q

In NZ, what age group is suffering the most from depression, anxiety and mental distress?

A

18-24 year olds

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5
Q

What percent of the population suffer from moderate to severe depression?

A

20%

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6
Q

What are psychological constructs for measuring mental health? (2)

A

Subjective measures:
- Self-report scales (e.g. beck depression inventory)
- Clinical diagnosis using DSM IV criteria for severe

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7
Q

What are objective measures of PA?

A

Accelerometer, step counts, fitness change

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8
Q

What are subjective measures of PA?

A

Self-report questionnaires (IPAQ)

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9
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Shows association between 2 variables measured at the same time

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10
Q

How does the chicken and egg scenario relate to the depression & PA relationship?

A

Some research doesn’t allow us to understand the direction of the relationship and whether it starts from mental ill health or inactivity

Mental ill-health -> inactivity
OR
Inactivity -> Mental ill-health

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11
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Participants exposure to ‘risk factor’ (PA) assessed at baseline, incidence of illness (depression) measured at a later date. Risk exposure and illness incidence examined

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12
Q

How is an odds ratio read?

A

Higher number = higher risk (more likely to experience depression

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13
Q

What did the study by Harvey et al. (2018) conclude?

A

1 hour of exercise/week of any intensity is protective against future incidence of depression

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14
Q

People who did 0 hours had a ?? times greater chance of developing depressive symptoms 10 years later

A

1.5 times

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15
Q

Was there a linear relationship between increasing exercise and decreasing depression incidence?

A

Odds reduced as amount of exercise increased until 1.5 hours, after this pretty stable (no preventative benefit)

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16
Q

What are the 4 components of PA?

A

Frequency - How regularly?
Time - Duration?
Intensity - How hard?
Type - What form?

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17
Q

What are acute effects?

A

occur relatively quickly after exposure e.g., does one exercise session decrease depression?

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18
Q

What are chronic effects?

A

occur only after frequent exposures over a long period of time e.g., how frequently do we have to exercise to decrease depression

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19
Q

Why do variables need to be tightly controlled?

A

For external validity - will this relationship still exist in the real world?

20
Q

How do RCT’s work?

A
  1. Eligible participants randomly allocated
  2. Two groups - Control & Intervention
  3. Compare
21
Q

What did the RCT by Dunn et al. (2005) find?

A
  • Higher dose = greatest benefit (Guidelines better than Lower Dose)
  • No difference between frequencies (doesn’t matter how many days it’s done over)
  • Overall, just about the amount of exercise, at least 3 times a week (3-5 recommended)
22
Q

What have RCT’s found the most effective timeframe for an intervention is?

A

12 weeks or less

23
Q

What have RCT’s found is the best exercise intensity for depression intervention

A

Moderate is recommended, studies also shown benefits of light/vigorous

24
Q

What have RCT’s found is the best time per session?

A

Sessions over 60 minutes have similar outcomes to 30-60 min - more about total volume over the week

25
Q

What forms of PA have very strong evidence for decreasing depressive symptoms?

A

Aerobic forms of PA, other modes (e.g., yoga, muscle strengthening) also beneficial

26
Q

What works faster, medication or exercise?

A

Medication

27
Q

Is exercise as effective as medication?

A

Yes just takes longer

28
Q

Why would some say that exercise is more effective than medication?

A

Exercise has more effects on other aspects of health

29
Q

Who is less likely to relapse, medication or exercise group?

A

Exercise group

30
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions or experiences

31
Q

What did qualitative research find were the benefits to mental health from exercising?

A
  • Improved mood
  • Better attention
  • Stress management
  • Positive distraction
  • Sense of purpose
  • Regaining pleasure
  • Self-confidence
32
Q

What could be some of the challenges of promoting or using PA as a means of treating depression?

A
  • Low confidence when experiencing symptoms
  • Fatigue
  • Mental exhaustion
  • Social withdrawal and/or anxiety
  • Fear of failure and social evaluation
33
Q

What is anxiety?

A

State of worry, apprehension or tension that often occurs in the absence of real or obvious danger - has physiological and psychological symptoms

34
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

anxiety induced by a situation in the current moment

35
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

innate disposition to respond to situation with anxiety - occurs on a day to day basis

36
Q

During the 2020 lockdown how many ND respondents reported moderate to high anxiety?

A

15.6%

37
Q

In non-anxious people, higher levels of self-reported PA is associated with what?

A

Decreased risk of developing anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders at least a year later

38
Q

What was the anxiety and PA relationship under COVID restrictions?

A

Those who spent more time in moderate to vigorous PA had 15-34% lower chances of presenting anxiety symptoms

39
Q

What has RCT evidence found is the best frequency of PA for reducing anxiety?

A

Benefits found for <150 & >150 min/wk
4-5 times/wk most effective

40
Q

What has RCT evidence found is the best session time of PA for reducing anxiety?

A

No differences between shorter and longer sessions

41
Q

What has RCT evidence found is the best intensity of PA for reducing anxiety?

A

Moderate-to-high intensities more effective than low

42
Q

What has RCT evidence found is the best type of PA for reducing anxiety?

A

All modes effective; strongest effect for yoga, stretching and other mind-body exercise

43
Q

According to experimental evidence, will one session of exercise make us feel less anxious?

A

Yes, for at least 2-4 hours post exercise, similar effects to relaxation

44
Q

What is the problem with exercised based research?

A

people that sign up are interested in exercise and expect to change from effects hence results are more poor quality
- So choosing control group is important for reducing expectancy bias

45
Q

What are neurobiological mechanisms of exercise improving anxiety and/or depression?

A

Produce similar changes in the brain neural systems that occur with medication
- be wary of using the “endorphin” hypothesis to explain changes

46
Q

What are psychosocial mechanisms of exercise improving anxiety and/or depression?

A
  • Self confidence
  • Distraction
  • Reappraisal of anxiety symptoms

SPEX204 (22 decks)

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