Lecture 4: What is Personality? Flashcards
What is personality?
reflects psychological qualities that contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving: an abstraction used to describe a psychological variable
Is there an “Athletic/Sporting Personality”?
There are traits but no one single personality
What do personalities help us to understand?
Why people do what they do, but there is no certain rule for which personalities participate in certain activities such as sports
- E.g. risk takers don’t have different personalities to the average person
What are the 4 components of Hollanders (1971) Model of Personality?
- Psychological Core
- Typical Responses
- Role-Related Behaviours
- Social Environment
What is the psychological core?
Internal and consistent personality characteristics, “INNER SELF”; basic values, beliefs, identity, self-esteem
What are typical responses?
Learned methods of dealing with the environment (i.e. Traits). A valid indicator of the Psychological Core.
- The way people typically behave, NOT 100% of the time
- Traits that are learned, not DNA
What are role-related behaviours?
Behaviours that change in response to environmental situations. NOT a valid indicator of the psychological core
- Roles change based on circumstances
- Going off expectations of what people want us to behave like
What is the social enviornment?
Psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behaviours exist within and are affected by the social environment (social group, society, culture, team)
- We are reminded everyday whether we are doing the right thing, if we are rewarded or if we are punished in our environment
What is a trait?
a relatively stable disposition to behave in a certain way; traits are the fundamental units of personality – How you generally act or behave
What is the equation for the trait approach?
B = f (P)
- behaviour (B) is a function of the Person (P), specifically their personality traits.
What does the personality approach refer to?
Personality & behaviour is determined largely by the social environment. Draws from Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), which explains behaviour in terms of observational learning (modelling) and social reinforcement (feedback).
What is the equation for the personality approach?
B = f ( E )
- behaviour is a function of the environment or external factors
What is the interactionist approach?
Situation and person are co-determinants of personality and behaviour.
What is the equation for the interactionist approach?
B = f( P x E )
- Person vs. Environment
What are 2 commonly used theoretical frameworks for measuring personality?
- Trait Framework
- Interaction Framework
What is the trait framework?
The framework emphasizes that certain inherent characteristics or traits of individuals predict their behaviors in various situations.
What is the equation for the trait framework?
B = f( P )
What questionaires are used to measure the trait framework?
- Big Five personality traits
- California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
- Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
- Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)
What is the interaction framework?
neither personality traits nor the environment alone are sufficient to predict behavior. Instead, behavior emerges from the complex interplay between an individual’s characteristics (P) and the situation or environment (E) they are in
What is the interaction framework equation?
B = f( P x E )
In what ways is the interaction framework measured?
- State and Trait measures
- Situation-Specific measures
- Sport-Specific measures
- Psychological measures
What are state and trait measures?
An aspect of the interaction framework - help differentiate between temporary conditions and stable, long-term characteristic
What are state measures?
temporary conditions or emotions that can fluctuate depending on the situation or environment
What are trait measures?
enduring, consistent characteristics or qualities that a person possesses over time and across different situations
What are situation-specific measures?
focus on how individuals behave or respond under specific circumstances e.g. Exam/test anxiety
What are sport-specific measures?
assessments designed to evaluate psychological, physical, and behavioural traits directly related to athletic performance and the unique demands of a particular sport e.g. SCAT and CSAI-2
What is the SCAT?
Sport competition anxiety test : trait measure
What is the CSAI-2?
Competitive state anxiety inventory - 2 : state measure
What has personality research revealed?
- Trait measures of personality have produced inconsistent results.
- Trait measures alone have limited value for sport personality researchers.
- Studies using an interactionist framework have been more useful.
Why is using an interactionist framework more useful?
these studies consider BOTH states and traits.
