Lecture 16: Building an intention to start Flashcards
What is bias?
Negative beliefs and attitudes towards people with certain characteristics e.g. people with overweight/obesity
When are biases exhibited?
When people are given negative labels, e.g. lazy, lacking willpower, lack physical ability
What are the consequences of exhibiting bias?
Negatively impacts on relationships between person and “professional” and their engagement in health-based services
- causes poor mental health in the individuals, can have a knock-on effect on their engagement
Why is bias common in PE, exercise, sport science students and fitness professionals?
- Beliefs that weight is under personal control
- Perceiving the “athletic body” to be the ideal”
- Not having a close family member/friend who is overweight
What is the first step to changing bias?
Being aware of them
What are the 5 stages of the Stages of Change Model?
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
What is Pre-contemplation?
No intention to change;
They have no desire to change their behaviour to become physically active, they don’t see the reasons
What is contemplation?
Thinking about change;
Thinking about doing it at some point, but not quite there yet
What is preparation?
Ready to change;
Taking steps to make the change (e.g. buying shoes/equipment to do the exercise) - just put the toe in the water but not yet meeting the full goal
What is Action?
Started doing it!
E.g. meeting the PA guidelines
What is Maintenance?
Been doing it for > 6 months;
Are maintaining this behaviour, after 6 months there is less risk of dropping out as behavioural habit has been made
What is relapse?
- We have moved back or regressed back through the previous stages
- At action we are more at risk of dropping out
- More rare to move back to pre-contemplation from contemplation
What does the Stages of Change Model not explain?
Why people are at certain phases or how to move from each phase to another
- We need theoretical processes to explain that
What stratagies are required to motivate behaviour change during pre-contemplation and contemplation stages?
Build motivation/create intention/desire to be active
- Need to get people to see reason as to why they should be doing something
What stratagies are required to motivate behaviour change during Preparation, Action and Maintenance?
Enact and retain motivation/intention/prevent relapse
- Maintain and build on it to prevent relapse
What is the stage we know the least about?
Pre-contemplation; They are the people who wouldn’t volunteer for studies
How do we apply psych stratagies?
- HOW - Specific Strategy
- WHAT - Target ‘psych’ concept important for motivation
- RESULT - Physical Activity
What is intention?
Willingness and extent of effort to perform behaviour
What three concepts cause us to have an intention? (Theory of Planned Behaviour)
Attitude, Subjective norm and Perceived Behavioural Control
What is the relationship between intention and PA?
Direct relationship
What is the relationship between perceived behavioural control and PA?
Both direct and indirect (through intention)
How can there be a direct relationship between perceived behavioural control and PA?
Even with intent if there is a barrier that cannot be overcome this will overrule intention
What are affective attitudes?
Emotions/feelings:
Do I like it, does it make me feel good?
What are instrumental attitudes?
Gains/losses expected:
Do I think it’s important? What are the benefits I am going to gain? What will I have to give up, or bad experiences I may have?
?? attitudes are stronger predictors of intention than ?? attitudes
Affective attitudes are stronger predictors of intention than instrumental attitudes
What is the decision balance exercise for instrumental attitudes?
We are trying to tip the balance so the good things outweigh the bad things
- Emphasise meaning to their life; needs to be relevant to them and what they care about
When can it be easier to change attitudes towards exercise?
If they have already started and can think back to a past good/positive experience e.g. using imagery
How do we change attitudes?
Change the cognitive appraisal of exercise
What is subjective norm?
Beliefs about what others expect of your - represents the social pressure to exercise
How can subjective norm be harnessed positively?
- Making activity seem the “norm”
- Discussing how your behaviour influences those around you
Subjective norms will only work when…
If you care what the person who is telling you thinks of you e.g. more likely to care about the pressure from a healthcare professional
What is perceived behavioural control?
Perceived ease or difficulty of actually exercising
- What are your barriers and can you overcome them?
- Are there things that can help you to exercise?
What is the intention behaviour gap?
the disconnect between what people intend to do and what they actually do
Collectively, attitude, subjective norm & PBC predict ??? of intention for PA
45%
Intention (& PBC) predicted to directly influence PA but only explains ???
27%
Why does intention only predict 27% of our behaviour?
The intention behaviour gap
- Might have the good intention but didn’t follow through
