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SPEX204 > Lecture 20: Group Dynamics > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Group Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Exercise is often a…

A

Group activity (e.g. group fitness classes, running group)

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2
Q

What is a group?

A

a collation of individuals who have a relationship to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree (dependent on each other to help accomplish goals set for ourselves)

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3
Q

What are the 4 key requirements for a grouo?

A
  1. Interaction
  2. Mutual awareness
  3. Interdependence
  4. Continuity over time
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4
Q

What do we need to do to understand group performance?

A

Need to consider the group processes as well as individual ability

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5
Q

What are two group processes?

A

Team cohesion and leadership

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6
Q

What is Steiners model of group performance?

A

Actual performance = Potential performance (productivity) - losses due to poor/lack or team work/spirit

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7
Q

What is actual productivity? (Steiners)

A

What the group actually does i.e. performance

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8
Q

What is potential productivity? (Steiners)

A

Groups best possible performance given the resources relevant to the task and the demands of that task

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9
Q

What is the process? (Steiners)

A

Everything the group does while transforming its resources into a product i.e. performance

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10
Q

What is a faulty process? (Steiners)

A

The ineffective use of available resources to meet task demands

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11
Q

What two losses cause a faulty process?

A
  1. Motivation losses
  2. Coordination losses
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12
Q

What are motivation losses?

A

Occur when some or all members of the team don’t give 100% effort for 100% of the time (e.g. social loafing)

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13
Q

What are coordination losses?

A

poor timing, teamwork or strategy

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14
Q

What is a coach or leaders role to reduce faulty process?

A

develop and practice organisational strategies that reduce concentration losses and maintain optimal motivation levels

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15
Q

What is the ringelmann effect?

A

Average individual performance decreases with increases in group size

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16
Q

What were the results when ringelmann tested his effect?

A

Average individual performance decreased with increased group size = “harder to reach potential”

1 person = 100% of avg. individual force
2 people = 93%
3 people = 85%
8 people = 49%

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17
Q

What did Ingham et al (1974) find in a replication and extension of Ringelmann’s study?

A

Average individual performance decreased to 85% in 3-person groups, 78% in 6-person groups.
Concluded that this was due to: ===» “ Motivational Losses”

18
Q

Although coordination links increase as group size increases….

A

Ringelmann is not due to coordination losses.

19
Q

What is the overall conclusion that decreases in individual average performance are due to?

A

motivational losses -> social loafing

20
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Reduced individual effort when performing as part of a group - deals with motivational losses in groups

21
Q

What happens when “identifiability” of individual performances is lost in a group performance?

A

performances decrease because of the diffusion of responsibility and lack of accountability

22
Q

What can decrease social loafing?

A

Monitoring individual performances

23
Q

What can increase individual effort in groups?

A

Social initiatives

24
Q

What are social initiatives?

A

Can be peer pressure from teammates, praise/recognition, social approval and social support.

25
Q

What happened in the Everett et al. (1992) Swim Study?

A
  • Individual lap times were announced (high identifiability) -> Individuals swam faster in relays than in individual races
  • Lap times not announced (low identifiability) -> Individuals swam faster in the individual races than relays
26
Q

What is Carron’s model of Cohesion?

A

A dynamic process which reflects the tendency for a group to stick together while pursuing common goals

27
Q

What is the dynamic of cohesion? (Carron’s model)

A

it is constantly changing in response to group goals and in response to both individual and group conflict, and the resolution of those conflicts

28
Q

What are the two distinct and independent dimensions associated with team cohesion?

A

Social and Task Cohesion

29
Q

What is social cohesion?

A

“interpersonal attraction” Reflects the degree to which the members of a team like each other and enjoy each others company.
==> TEAM SPIRIT

30
Q

What is task cohesion?

A

Reflects the degree to which members of a team work together to achieve a specific and identifiable task e.g. strategy, game plan etc. ==> TEAM WORK

31
Q

What is the traditional assumption about cohesiveness?

A

cohesiveness is directly related to team success

32
Q

What is a positive social cohesion relationship?

A

More social cohesion leads to performance being better

33
Q

What is a negative social cohesion relationship?

A

More social cohesion leads to performance being worse

34
Q

What are the different sport types? (4)

A
  1. Independence
  2. Co-active Dependence
  3. Reactive and Proactive Dependence
  4. Interactive Dependence
35
Q

What is the independence sport type?

A

coordinated action of individuals is not required for performance success (e.g., archery, rifle shooting, triathlon)

36
Q

What is co-active dependence?

A

members perform similar tasks simultaneously for team effectiveness. (e.g., rowing, tug-of-war, team cycling)

37
Q

What is reactive and proactive dependence?

A

one member initiates action; another completes the action (e.g., softball pitcher & catcher, cricket bowler & wicketkeeper)

38
Q

What is interactive dependence?

A

members mutually dependent on each other for successful performance (e.g., basketball, hockey, soccer)

39
Q

For what 3 sport types do social cohesion and performance appear to be largely unrelated?

A
  1. Independence
  2. Co-active Dependence
  3. Reactive and Pro-active Dependence
40
Q

For what sport type are social and task cohesion an performance positively related?

A

Interactive dependent sports

SPEX204 (22 decks)

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