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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 4.5 - Larynx, Pharynx, and Nasal Cavity > Flashcards

Lecture 4.5 - Larynx, Pharynx, and Nasal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the larynx? What is it designed for and what does it connect? What does it do?

A
  • anterior of neck and level C3-C6
  • designed for voice production
  • connects pharynx with trachea
  • guards air passages and maintains a patent airway
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2
Q

What is the skeleton of the larynx?

A
  • hyoid bone + 9 cartilages:
    • thyroid
    • cricoid
    • epiglottis
    • arytenoid (2)
    • corniculate (2)
    • cuneiform (2)
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3
Q

What does the epiglottis doe during swallowing?

A

it passively folds over opening of larynx

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4
Q

What are the 3 ways arytenoid cartilages move to move vocal ligaments?

A
  1. sliding on transverse axis
  2. sliding on anteroposterior axis
  3. rotating
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5
Q

What happens when arytenoid cartilages slide together? Slide apart?

A
  • together: vocal ligaments come together, closing airway

- apart: vocal ligaments separate, opening airway

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6
Q

What happens when arytenoid cartilages slide anteriorly? posteriorly?

A
  • anteriorly: vocal ligaments relax, decreasing pitch

- posteriorly: vocal ligaments tighten, increasing pitch

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7
Q

What happens when anterior tip of arytenoid cartilages rotate out (abduct)? rotate in (adduct(?

A
  • abduct: vocal ligament separate

- adduct: vocal ligaments come together, but leave a slight gap for whispering

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8
Q

What are the muscles of the larynx?

A
  • cricothyroid
  • posterior cricoarytenoid
  • lateral cricoarytenoid
  • thyroarytenoid
  • transverse and oblique arytenoids
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9
Q

What are the functions of the laryngeal muscles and their innervation?

A
  • function: modulate voice and airflow (posterior cricoarytenoid is only muscle that abducts)
  • innervation: vagus nerve (CN X)
    • external laryngeal br. of CN X to criocythyroid
    • recurrent laryngeal of br. of CN X to all others
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10
Q

How can the recurrent pharyngeal nerve be injured? What are the symptoms?

A
  • the recurrent laryngeal n. may be injured due to inflammation of surgery on structures around it in the neck (thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus)
  • injury results in high pitched, noisy respiration, and breathy voice
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11
Q

What is the pharynx? Where is it? What does it conduct air to and what systems is it a part of?

A
  • the muscular tube that extends from base of cranium
  • to inferior border of cricoid cartilage (anterior) and inferior border of C6 (posterior(
  • conducts air to the larynx, trachea, and lungs (respiratory system)
  • part of digestive system which pushes food into esophagus
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12
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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13
Q

What are the muscles of the nasopharynx?

A

soft palate

  • tensor veli palatini (tenses palate, CN V3)
  • levator veli palatini (elevates palate, CN X)
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14
Q

What are the muscles of the oropharynx?

A
  • uvular (elevates uvula, CN X)
  • palatopharyngeus (elevates pharynx, depresses palate, CN X)
  • palatoglossus (elevates tongue, depresses palate, CN X)
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15
Q

What are the parts of the tonsils?

A
  • lymphatic tissue
  • 4 tonsils form a defensive ring around the naso/oropharynx
  • pharyngeal (superior)
  • palatine (lateral)
  • tubal (lateral)
  • lingual (inferior)
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16
Q

What are the muscles of the external layer of the pharynx and what do they do?

A
  • superior/middle/inferior constrictor
  • constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing.
  • peristaltic wave
  • inferior constrictor blends in with esophagus
  • innervated by vagus via pharyngeal plexus
17
Q

What are the muscles of the internal layer of the pharynx and what do they do?

A
  • palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus
  • elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
  • innervated by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus except stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal n.)
18
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube?

A
  • connects pharynx to tympanic cavity of middle ear to equalize air pressure so tympanic membrane can vibrate freely
  • pharyngeal opening is passively held shut - needs active opening by the contractions of tensor veli and levator veli palatini during swallowing or yawning
19
Q

What does the tensor tympani muscles do?

A
  • it is attached to the malleus

- it contracts to prevent the tympanic membrane from vibrating too much due to loud sounds

20
Q

What is deglutition?

A
  • act of swallowing
  • the process whereby a bolus (masticated morsel of food) is transferred from the oral cavity through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach
21
Q

What is stage 1 of swallowing?

A
  • voluntary
  • food bolus pushed against palate via tongue
  • bolus squeezed into oropharynx via tongue and soft palate
  • tensor veli palitini (tensor soft palate, makes it rigid enough for the tongue to press against it)
  • styloglossus
  • palatoglossus (elevate tongue against palate)
22
Q

What is stage 2 of swallowing?

A
  • involuntary
  • soft palate is elevated, sealing off the nasopharynx
  • levator veli palatini (elevates the palate)
  • uvular (elevates the uvula)
  • palatoglossus (elevates back of tongue to continue pushing bolus down the pharynx)
  • the pharynx is widened and shortened to receive food bolus
23
Q

What muscles are used in stage 2 of swallowing?

A
  • palato/salpingo/stylopharyngeus
  • genio/mylohyoid
  • pharynx elevated
  • hyoid protracted, larynx elevated
24
Q

What is stage 3 of swallowing?

A
  • involuntary
  • sequential contraction of all 3 constrictor muscles forces food inferiorly into the esophagus
  • superior/middle/inferior constrictor
  • epiglottis closes the larynx (pressure of food against the epiglottis, aryepiglottic m., innervated by vagus n.)
25
Q

How does the bolus move down the esophagus?

A

via peristaltic contraction

26
Q

Where can food get stuck in swallowing?

A

piriform recess (fossa)

27
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A
  • touching posterior 1/3 of tongue, soft palate, or pharynx (general sensation transmitted in IX) elicits reflex - causes contraction of pharynx muscle (somatic motor innervated by X)
  • prevents anything from entering throat, prevents choking; can be used intentionally to induce vomiting
28
Q

What is on the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer

29
Q

What is on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity? What do they do?

A
  • superior, middle, and inferior nasal concha
  • increase surface area of nasal cavity mucosa
  • warms and moistens air as it enters the body
30
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A
  • begins at the lacrimal foramen in the lacrimal bone

- ends in nasal cavity underneath the inferior nasal concha

31
Q

What are paranasal sinuses? Name them.

A
  • mucus-lined pockets named for the bone they’re in:
    • frontal, ehtmoid, sphenoid, maxillary sinus
  • they all have openings into the nasal cavity, which is a source of infection
32
Q

What is sinusitis?

A
  • infection and/or inflammation of the mucus lining of any sinus(es)
  • pain is typically localized to the involved sinus
33
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?

A
  • drains into nasal cavity under superior nasal concha
34
Q

Where do maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid sinuses drain?

A
  • drain into the nasal cavity under the middle nasal concha
35
Q

Why can infections be spread to other sinuses?

A

because 3 of them drain into the same place

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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