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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 3.2 - Bones, Gluteal Region > Flashcards

Lecture 3.2 - Bones, Gluteal Region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lower extremity?

A
  • support body weight
  • locomotion
  • maintaining equilibrium
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2
Q

What are the 4 regions of the lower extremity and their bones?

A
  1. Hip/gluteal = hip bones, sacrum, coccyx
  2. Thigh = femur, patella
  3. Leg = tibia, fibula
  4. Foot = tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges
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3
Q

How does extension occur in lower limbs in relation to upper limbs? Why?

A

due to developmental differences between upper and lower limbs, extension occurs in the opposite direction in upper and lower limbs.

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4
Q

What is the function of the bony pelvis? What bones form it?

A
  • functions to transfer weight from upper body to lower extremities
  • formed by 4 bones: hip bones (2), sacrum, coccyx
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5
Q

When and how does the hip bone form? What are its 3 parts?

A
  • forms in young adult by fusion of three bones

- ilium, ischium, pubis

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the ilium?

A
  • fan shaped, ala (wing), body (handle) that forms superior part of acetabulum
  • iliac crest is the superior margin that runs between anterior and posterior superior iliac spines
  • iliac fossa is concave, internal surface
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the ischium?

A
  • body: posterior part of acetabulum
  • ramus: inferior boundary of the obturator foramen
  • ischial tuberosity/spine
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the pubis?

A
  • body: lies medially and articulates with pubis of other side at pubic symphysis
  • superior ramus: anterior part of acetabulum
  • inferior ramus: inferior boundary of the obturator foramen
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9
Q

What closes the obturator foramen in the living body?

A

obturator membrane

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the hip bones?

A
  • anteriorly joined at pubic symphysis (symphysis joint)
  • posteriorly joined to sacrum at sacroiliac joint (suture joint)
  • forms pelvic girdle
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11
Q

What is the sacrum formed by?

A

fusion of 5 originally separated sacral vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the coccyx formed by?

A

fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

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13
Q

What are the pelvic joints?

A
  • lumbrosacral = L5 and S1
  • sacroiliac
  • sacrococcygeal
  • pubic symphysis
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14
Q

What are the pelvic ligaments?

A
  • iliolumbar
  • inguinal
  • sacrospinous
  • sacrotuberous
  • posterior sacrococcygeal
  • posterior sacroiliac
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of sacroiliac joint movement?

A
  • small movements, limited by many sacroiliac ligaments
  • greater movement in females
  • “nutation” is the term for rotation in the sagittal plane
  • “anterior rotation of the sacrum” increases size of pelvic outlet
  • most important during child birth
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16
Q

What may cause a fracture to the femur? When is it most common at the neck?

A
  • violent direct injury may fracture the femur
  • fracture of neck of femur common over the age of 60
  • more common in women due to postmenopausal osteoporosis (usually referred as “fracture of hip”)
17
Q

What are the characteristics of the femur?

A
  • longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body

- roughly 4 times the length of femur determines the height of individual

18
Q

What are the characteristics of the tibia?

A
  • weight bearing bone
  • medially located
  • articulations:
    • femur superiorly
    • talus inferiorly
    • fibula laterally
19
Q

What are the characteristics of the fibula?

A
  • no function in weight bearing

- serves mainly for muscle attachments and as support for tibia

20
Q

Where is the gluteal region? What is it made of? What is the intergluteal cleft?

A
  • lies posterior to pelvis between iliac crest and gluteal fold
  • region made primarily of gluteal muscles and a thick layer of superficial fat
  • intergluteal cleft: division between buttocks
21
Q

What are the similar characteristics between all gluteal muscles?

A
  • all insert on or near the greater trochanter of the femur
  • action is mostly abduction and/or lateral rotation of the thigh
  • often used in a smooth continuum
  • stabilize the hip joint
22
Q

Tensor fasciae latae (OINA)

A

O: anterior superior iliac spine
I: iliotibial tract
N: superior gluteal n.
A: flexes thigh

23
Q

Gluteus maximus (OINA)

A

largest, heaviest and most coarsely fibered muscle in the body
O: ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligaments
I: iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity
N: inferior gluteal nerve
A: laterally rotates thigh, active during powerful extension (stairclimbing, getting up from squatting position)

24
Q

Gluteus medius (OINA)

A

O: ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal nerve
A: posterior fibers = adducts, extends, and laterally rotates thigh; anterior fibers = abduct, flex and medially rotate thigh; steadies the pelvis, keeps hip from collapsing into adduction when on one leg

25
Q

Gluteus minimus (OINA)

A

O: ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal nerve
A: posterior fibers = adducts, extends, and laterally rotates thigh; anterior fibers = abduct, flex and medially rotate thigh; steadies the pelvis, keeps hip from collapsing into adduction when on one leg

26
Q

How do gluteus medius and minimus work together?

A
  • they help control posture
  • active when femur is bearing weight
  • if inactive, then pelvis drops on opposite side
27
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A
  • subject stands on one leg

- if ASIS and AIIS droops on opposite side, then gluteus medius and minimus on the stance side are weak

28
Q

Piriformis (OINA)

A

O: 2nd-4th sacral segment
I: greater trochanter
N: S1-S2
A: rotates thigh laterally; abducts thigh; holds head of femur in acetabulum

29
Q

Piriformis is the landmark muscle for which artery/nerve?

A

superior/inferior gluteal artery/nerve and sciatic nerve

30
Q

Obturator internus (OINA)

A

O: ilium and ischium, obturator membrane
I: greater trochanter
N: nerve to obturator internus
A: rotates thigh laterally; holds head of femur in acetabulum i.e. it stabilizes hip joint

31
Q

What part of obturator internus does gluteal dissection reveal?

A

only the distal end of obturator internus

32
Q

Superior/Inferior gemellus

A

O: ischial spine/tuberosity
I: greater trochanter
N: superior = nerve to obturator internus; inferior = nerve to quadratus femoris
A: laterally rotates thigh

33
Q

Quadratus femoris (OINA)

A

O: ischial tuberosit
I: intertrochanteric crest
N: nerve to quadratus femoris
A: laterally rotates thigh

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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