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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 3.6 - The Foot > Flashcards

Lecture 3.6 - The Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the foot?

A 
Hindfoot
- talus, calceneus
Midfoot
- navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
Forefoot
- metatarsals, phalanges
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2
Q

What are the movements of ankle and foot?

A 
Dorsiflexion (flexing foot)
Plantarflexion (pointing toes)
Eversion (turn out)
Inversion (turn in)
Circumduction
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3
Q

What is eversion?

A

in eversion, the foot is abducted and directed so that the lateral border is raised and the medial border is lowered; the sole is thus turned away from the medial plane

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4
Q

What is inversion?

A

in inversion, the foot is adducted and directed so that the medial border is raised and the lateral border is depressed; the sole is thus turned to the median plane

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5
Q

What are the movements of the digits?

A

Extension/Flexion

Abduction/Adduction

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6
Q

What are the tarsus bones?

A

7 bones

- talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiform (medial/intermediate/lateral)

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7
Q

What does the talus articulate with? What does it do? What is unique to the talus?

A
  • body of talus articulates with tibia and fibula
  • transmits weight of body from tibia to foot
  • only tarsal bone without muscle attachment
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8
Q
  • What is unique to calcaneus? What does it articulate with and what does it do?
A
  • largest and strongest bone of foot
  • articulates with talus (superiorly) and cuboid (anteriorly)
  • transmits weight from talus to ground
  • sustentaculum tail: “pulley” for flexor hallucis longus
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9
Q

Where is navicular? Cuboid? Cuneiform?

A

Navicular
- boat-shaped, between talus and cuniforms
Cuboid
- most lateral bone, keystone of lateral longitudinal arch
Cuneiform
- wedge shaped, transverse arch
- between navicular and medial 3 metatarsals

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10
Q

What are the metatarsus and how many are there?

A

5 bones

  • connect tarsus and phalanges
  • numbered medial to lateral
  • head, shaft, base
  • 1 is shorter and stouter
  • 2 is longest
  • 5 has large tuberosity
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11
Q

What are the phalanges and how many are there?

A

14 bones

  • 2 for big toe (hallux)
  • 3 for others (proximal/middle/distal)
  • each has head, shaft, and base
  • phalanges of big toe are shorter and stouter
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12
Q

What are the fascia of the foot and their function?

A
  1. medial plantar fascia
  2. lateral plantar fascia
  3. planter aponeurosis
    Function:
    - holds parts of foot together
    - helps protect the plantar surface of foot from injury
    - helps support the longitudinal arch of foot
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13
Q

Where is the plantar aponeurosis?

A
  • from calcaneus to the metatarsal heads
  • splits into 5 bands
    • enclose digital tendons
  • vertical septa extend to compartmentalize the sole of the foot
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14
Q

What are the plantar compartments of the foot?

A
  1. Medial compartment
    - abductor hallucis and flexor brevis hallucis
  2. Central compartment
    - flexor digitorum longus/brevis, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, interossei
  3. Lateral compartment
    - adductor digiti minimi and flexor digiti minimi
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the layers of muscle on the sole of the foot? What is their innervations?

A

4 muscular layers

  • highly specialized for bipedal locomotion
  • maintain arches of foot
  • assists with standing on uneven ground
  • not used for “fine control”
  • innervation: lateral and medial plantar nerves
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16
Q

What are the nerves of the foot?

A
  • Tibial nerve
    • medial plantar
    • lateral plantar
  • supply intrinsic foot muscles except dorsum muscles (deep fibular nerve) and also the skin of the sole of foot
17
Q

What muscles are in Layer 1 of the foot?

A 
Abductor hallucis
- calcaneus to big toe
- abducts and flexes big toe
- medial plantar nerve
Flexor digitorum brevis
- calcaneus to lateral 4 digits
- flexes lateral 4 digits
- medial plantar nerve
Abductor digiti minimi
- calcaneus to 5th digit
- abducts and flexes 5th digit
- lateral plantar nerve
18
Q

What consists of Layer 2 of the foot?

A

Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Flexor hallucis tendon
Quadratus plantae
- calcaneus to tendon of flexor digitorum longus
- modifies the effect of flexor digotrum longus:
– flexing lateral 4 digits
– changes direction of force so it is parallel to long axis of foot
- lateral plantar nerve
Lumbricals
- tendon of flexor digitorum longus to lateral 4 digits
- flex MTP joints; extend prox and distal interphalangeal joints
- medial one: medial plantar n.; other 3: lateral plantar n.

19
Q

What muscles are in Layer 3 of the foot?

A 
Flexor hallucis brevis
- cuboid and cuneiforms to big toe
- flexes big toe
- medial plantar n. 
Adductor hallucis
- metatarsals to big toe
- adducts big toe; helps to maintain curvature of transverse arch
- lateral plantar n. 
Flexor digiti minimi
- 5th metatarsal to 5th digit
- flexes 5th digit
- lateral plantar n.
20
Q

What muscles are in Layer 4 of the foot?

A 
Plantar interossei (3)
- between toes
- adducts digits (PAD)
- lateral plantar n. 
Dorsal interossei (4)
- between toes
- abducts digits (DAB)
- lateral plantar n.
21
Q

What are the nerves of the dorsal surface of the foot?

A
  • superficial fibular nerve supplies dorsal skin

- deep fibular nerve supplies dorsal muscles (and skin between 1st and 2nd toes)

22
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis (OINA)

A

O: calcaneus, deep part of inferior extensor retinaculum
I: digits 2-4
N: deep fibular n.
A: extends digits 2-4

23
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis (OINA)

A

O: calcaneus, deep part of inferior extensor retinaculum
I: big toe
N: deep fibular n.
A; extends big toes

24
Q

Where does dorsalis pedis artery come from and how does it divide?

A
  • continuation of anterior tibial artery, supplies the dorsum of foot
  • divides into deep plantar artery and arcuate artery
  • deep plantar artery joins with lateral plantar artery of sole to form the deep plantar arch
25
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery pass through and how does it divide?

A
  • posterior tibial artery passes posterior to the medial malleolus of ankle
  • divides into lateral plantar artery and medial plantar artery
  • deep plantar arch sends forward plantar and dorsal digital arteries between the toes

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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