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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2.3 - Anterior Abdominal Wall, Peritoneal Cavity, & GI Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 2.3 - Anterior Abdominal Wall, Peritoneal Cavity, & GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the abdomen and what does it consist of?

A
  • inferior trunk between thorax and pelvis
  • consists of:
    • abdominal wall: musculotendinous; thick muscle located on either side of lumbar vertebrae. The only bones are posterior vertebrae.
    • abdominal cavity: digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
  • when supine, the abdominal cavity extends superiorly to about the 5th anterior intercostal space
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2
Q

What are the regions of abdomen?

A 
RUQ: right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
LUQ: left hypochondrium
RMQ: right lumbar region
Umbilical region
LMQ: left lumbar region
RLQ: right inguinal region
Hypogastrium
LLQ: left inguinal region
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3
Q

What are the layers of abdominal wall?

A
  • skin (cut edge)
  • fatty (superficial) layer of superficial fascia (Camper’s)
  • membranous (deep) layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa’s)
  • external oblique muscles
  • internal oblique muscles
  • transverse abdominal muscles
  • endoabdominal fat
  • transversalis fascia
  • parietal peritoneum
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4
Q

What is the purpose of the abdominal wall muscles? What forms them? What are they innervated by? Where do they end?

A
  • forms supports and protection to the abdominal viscera
  • forced by 3 flat muscles (EAO, IAO, TA) and 1 strap muscle (RA)
  • segmentally innervated by T6-12 and L1
  • flat muscles end anteriorly in an aponeurosis which interlaces to form linea alba in midline
  • the aponeurosis forms rectus sheath which encases the rectus abdominus muscle
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5
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A
  • the lower edge of aponeurosis of ext. oblique forms the inguinal ligament
  • inferior margin of external oblique aponeurosis
  • spans from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle
  • a triangular opening at the medial end is the superficial inguinal ring, the exit of the spermatic cord in males
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6
Q

Rectus abdominus (OINA)

A

O: anterior pubis
I: costal cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process of sternum
N: intercostal nerves
A: flees lumbar spine; depresses ribs; stabilizes pelvis (while walking)
– active during expiration
– maintenance of abdominal tone

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7
Q

Transversus abdominus?

A
  • deepest muscle layer of anterior abdominal wall

- runs transversely (almost)

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8
Q

Transversalis fascia?

A
  • lies deep to transversus abdominus muscle
  • forms internal lining of enture wall, external to peritoneum
  • consists of diaphragmatic fascia, iliac fascia, psoas fascia, and pelvic fascia
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9
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A
  • rectus abdominus is surrounded by the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus muscles
    • external: anterior to the rectus abdominus
    • internal: splits and passes anterior/posterior to the rectus abdominus
    • transversus: passes posterior to rectus abdominus
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10
Q

What are the functions of abdominal wall muscles?

A
  • support anterolateral abdominal wall
  • protect abdominal viscera
  • compresses abdominal contents/increases abdominal pressure:
    • oppose/assist diaphragm during inspiration
    • helps to bring out gastric contents during vomiting
    • bearing down to empty the rectum or bladder or during childbirth
  • move the trunk and maintain posture
  • guards inguinal canal
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11
Q

Where is the inguinal canal and what does it contain? What are the 2 rings and their pathways?

A
  • inferior portion of anterior abdominal wall
  • lies parallel and superior to inguinal ligament
  • deep (internal) ring
    • entrance to inguinal canal
    • hole in transversalis fascia
  • superficial (external) ring
    • exit from inguinal canal
    • hole in external oblique aponeurosis
  • contains: ilioinguinal nerve, round ligament of the uterus (females), spermatic cord (males)
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12
Q

Contents of spermatic cord?

A
  • ductus deferens (carries sperm from testis to urethra)
  • artery of ducts deferens
  • testicular artery
  • pampiniform plexus of veins
  • cremasteric artery
  • sympathetic nerve fibers
  • genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  • lymphatic vessels
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13
Q

How is inguinal canal formed?

A
  • by descent of testis through abdominal wall

- as testis pushes through, it becomes covered by sleeves derived from layer of the abdominal wall

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14
Q

Coverings of spermatic cord?

A
  • intermal spermatic fascia: derived from transversalis fascia
  • cremasteric fascia: derived from internal oblique
  • external spermatic fascia: derived from oblique aponeurosis
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15
Q

How are inguinal hernias formed?

A
  • if abdominal muscles are weak:
    • intestines or peritoneal fat can push into inguinal canal, forming a hernia
    • the inguinal canal resembles an arcade of 3 arches through which passes the spermatic cord. During standing, coughing, or vigorous straining, contraction of internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles cause the roof of the canal to become lower and taut, somewhat like a half-spincter
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16
Q

What are the different types of inguinal hernias?

A
  • Direct:
    • through superficial ring
    • medial to inferior epigastric vessels
    • equally common in males an females
    • usually from weakened muscles
  • Indirect:
    • through deep ring
    • passes through canal
    • lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
    • more common in males, usually congenital
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17
Q

Homologous female anatomy?

A
  • identical layering of anterior abdominal wall
  • embryological remnants of primordial ovaries descend into labia majora becomes the round ligament of the uterus
  • femoral hernias: more common in females through the weak area in anterior abdominal wall associated with passage of large femoral vessels.
18
Q

Where is the abdominal cavity?

A
  • limited superiorly by diaphragm and continuous inferiorly with pelvic cavity; completely filled with abdominal viscera
  • lines by peritoneum
19
Q

What is the Peritoneum and what does it consist of?

A
  • serous membrane
    1. parietal peritoneum
    • lines abdominal wall, pelvic wall, and inferior surface of diaphragm
      2. visceral peritoneum
    • covers the viscera, such as the spleen and stomach
      3. mesentery
    • general term for a double layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ
  • all of the peritoneum is continuous
20
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs? Name them.

A
  • layer of peritoneum encloses almost all of an organ;
    • liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine (except duodenum), transverse colon, sigmoid colon, cecum and appendix, spleen, superior part of uterus
21
Q

What are Retro/Subperitoneal organs? Name them.

A
  • only one surface is covered by peritoneum:
    • duodenum, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, inferior part of uterus, kidneys, ureters, bladder, ascending/descending colon, rectum, pancreas
22
Q

What is the Peritoneal Cavity? What does it contain and what does it communicate with?

A
  • potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum
  • contains peritoneal fluid
    • lubricates surface of peritoneum
    • facilitates free movement of viscera
  • completely closed in males
  • communicates with exterior through openings in uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes) in females
23
Q

What is the omentum? What are the 2 types?

A
  • a double layer of peritoneum that specifically extends from the stomach to the adjacent organs
  • lesser omentum joins lesser curvature of stomach and proximal part of duodenum to liver
  • greater omentum attached from greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
24
Q

How is the Peritoneal cavity divided?

A
  • divided into:
    • greater sac: main part of peritoneal cavity
    • lesser sac (omental bursa), lies posterior to lesser omentum and stomach
  • omental foramen (epiploic formen): opening between the 2 sacs
  • omental bursa allows free movement of stomach and has a superior/inferior recess
  • the walls of the greater omentum commonly fuse, thereby obliterating the inferior recess of the omental bursa. As a result, the greater omentum is usually composed of 4 layers of peritoneum.
25
Q

What is the Mesentery? What does it do?

A
  • double layer of visceral peritoneum connecting peritoneal organs with abdominal wall:
  • encloses blood vessels and nerves to organs it surrounds:
    • small intestine (except duodenum), liver, stomach, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, appendix, spleen
  • names differently depending on organ. e.g. transverse mesocolon, mesoappendix
26
Q

What are the Peritoneal ligaments?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or the abdominal wall; lacks connective tissue like mesentery; may contain blood vessels.
27
Q

What organs make the Gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
28
Q

What is the Esophagus? Where does it start, pass through, and end?

A
  • muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach and functions to pass food from teh pharynx to the stomach
  • begins at C6 and passes through diaphragm and esophageal hiatus (T10)
  • terminates at esophagogastic junction: enters stomach at cardial orifice (level of T11 and 7th left costal cartliage)
29
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A
  • located in posterior mediastinum
  • posterior to trachea
  • right and anterior to descending thoracic aorta
  • note the esophageal nerve plexus
30
Q

Where is the esophagus constricted when full?

A
  • at the neck, the aortic arch, the left primary bronchus, and the diaphragm
31
Q

What is the location and function of stomach?

A
  • location: superior, left, and center
  • function: enzymatic digestion
    • muscular walls of stomach:
  • – break down particles
  • – increase surface area of food
  • – convert food into liquid mixture (chyme)
    • low pH of stomach activates enzymes
    • gastric enzymes break down proteins into amino acids
32
Q

Parts of the stomach?

A
  • cardia: adjacent esophagogastric junction
  • fundus
  • body: lesser/greater curvature
  • pyloric part: pyloric antrum & canal/sphincter/orifice
33
Q

Where is the Small intestine? Function? Divisions?

A
  • extends from pylorus of stomach to ileocecal junction with large intestine
  • location of complete digestion:
    • fats broken down
    • most products of digestion are absorbed
    • water, electrolytes, minerals also absorbed
  • divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
34
Q

What are the characteristics of the Duodenum?

A
  • shortest and widest part of small intestine
  • from pyloric opening to duodenojejunal junction
  • C shaped
  • surrounds head of pancreas
  • regions: superior (1st), descending (2nd), horizontal (3rd), ascending (4th)
35
Q

What are the characteristics of the Jejunum and Ileum?

A
  • duodenojejunal junction to ileocecal junction
  • 6-7 meters longs: 2/5 jejunum and 3/5 ileum
  • attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesentery called just “mesentery”
36
Q

Where is the Large intestine? Function? Divisions?

A
  • ileocecal junction to anus
  • ~1.5 meters longs
  • functions to convert liquid contents of ileum into semisolid feces by absorbing fluid and electrolytes
  • consists of: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal
37
Q

What is the Cecum?

A
  • blind pouch of large intestine
  • lies int he right iliac fossa
  • usually surrounded by peritoneum (intraperitoneal)
38
Q

What is the Appendix?

A
  • “veriform appendix”
  • narrow, hollow, muscular tube
  • suspended from terminal ileum by mesoappendix
  • most often it is behind the cecum (retrocecal)
39
Q

What are the different colons?

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • teniae coli (longitudinal bands of smooth muscle) “pull” colon to form haustra (pouches)
40
Q

Where is the rectum? Function?

A
  • rectosigmoid junction located at S3
  • S-shaped (anteroposteriorly)
  • supports and retains fecal mass before it is expelled during defecation
41
Q

Where is the anal canal? What are its components?

A
  • terminal part of large intestine, inferior to pelvic diaphragm
  • internal anal sphincter muscles
    • involuntary, smooth muscle
  • external and sphincter muscles
    • voluntary, skeletal muscle
42
Q

What movements relate with concentric contraction of the abdominal muscles?

A
  • contralateral EO + IO (ex. L EO + R IO) = lateral flexion to left and rotation of head to right
  • L EO + L IO = lateral flexion to left
  • L TA = rotation to left
  • RA = anterior flexion at hips

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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