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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 3.3 - Fascia, Nerves, and Vasculature of the Lower Limb Muscles of Posterior Thigh > Flashcards

Lecture 3.3 - Fascia, Nerves, and Vasculature of the Lower Limb Muscles of Posterior Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of fascia and their compartments??

A
  1. superficial fascia
  2. deep fascia
    - fibrous septa separate compartments of muscles
    - fascia lata: thick fascia covering the muscles
    - creates tight compartments which allow efficient venous blood return to heart
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2
Q

What is the function of the valves in the veins of the lower limbs?

A

veins in the lower extremity have valves that prevent blood from moving inferiorly

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3
Q

What are the superficial veins and where do they drain into?

A
  • great saphenous vein drains into femoral vein

- small saphenous vein drains into popliteal vein

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4
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

varicose veins results when valves in superficial veins do not close properly

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5
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A
  • thick lateral portal of fascia lata
  • provides insertion for gluteus maxiumus and tensor fasciae latae muscles
  • helps to limit adduction of hip (e.e standing on one leg)
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6
Q

What are the major arteries of the lower limb and what are their pathways?

A
  1. external iliac a. passes the inguinal ligament, changes name
  2. femoral a. passes through adductor hiatus, changes name
  3. popliteal a. splits into 3…
  4. anterior tibial a. continues into foot as dorsalis pedis a.
  5. posterior tibial a. continues into foot as plantar a.
  6. fibular a.
  7. obturator a. is a branch of the internal iliac a. in the pelvis and leave through obturator foramen
  8. superior/inferior gluteal a.
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7
Q

What are the gluteal arteries?

A

Branching off the abdominal aorta:

  • common iliac arteries
  • external iliac
  • internal iliac
    • superior gluteal a. (exits above piriformis)
    • inferior gluteal a. (exits below piriformis)
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8
Q

What are the arteries of the gluteal region and posterior thigh?

A
  • superior/inferior gluteal a.
  • internal pudendal a.
  • perforating arteries from deep artery of thigh
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9
Q

What are the major arteries of the lower limb?

A
  • obturator artery
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery at adductor hiatus
  • anterior/posterior tibial artery
  • fibular artery
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10
Q

What is the femoral triangle? What is it bounded by? What blood vessels and nerves does it contain?

A
  • junctional region between the trunk and lower limb
  • bounded:
    • superiorly by inguinal ligament
    • medially by the lateral border of adductor longus
    • laterally by the medial border of sartorius
  • contains femoral nerve/artery/vein and great saphenous vein
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11
Q

What are the arteries of the anterior and medial thigh?

A
  • femoral artery to anterior compartment
    • deep artery of thigh to posterior compartment
  • – lateral circumflex femoral artery to hip
  • – medial circumflex femoral artery to hip
  • obturator artery to medial compartment
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12
Q

What are the nerves of the lower limb and what do they supply?

A
  1. femoral n., supplies anterior thigh muscles
  2. obturator n., supplies thigh adductors
  3. sciatic n., supplies posterior thigh muscles
  4. tibial n., supplies posterior leg
  5. common fibular nerve
  6. superficial fibular n., supplies lateral leg muscles
  7. deep fibular n., supplies anterior leg muscles
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13
Q

What is the lumbosacral plexus?

A
  • the anterior rami of spinal nerve L1-L5 combine to form the lumbar plexus
  • the anterior rami of spinal nerves S1-S5 combine to form the sacral plexus
  • the lumbosacral trunk links the two plexuses to form the lumbosacral plexus
  • fibers from L2-S3 commingle to form nerves that supply the lower limb
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14
Q

How is somatic sensory information from the skin returned from dermatomes on the lower limb?

A

Anterior View: L1–>S1 down the leg

Posterior View: S1–>S3 up the leg with L5 at the hallux and lateral calf.

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15
Q

What are the gluteal nerves and their pathways?

A
  1. superior gluteal
    - runs through greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis
    - damage results in contralateral hip drop (Trendelenburg sign)
  2. inferior gluteal
    - runs through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
    - damage results in difficulty climbing stairs and rising from seat
  3. pudendal
    - to external genitalia
    - runs deep to sacrotuberous ligament
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16
Q

What is the safe area of the buttocks?

A
  • safe area of giving intramuscular injections, high buttocks laterally
  • if injections are given into the rounded lower part, just above the gluteal gold, the sciatic or other nerves and vessels will be injured
  • anatomically, injections are best given with the patient in the prone position
17
Q

What are the components of the sciatic nerve? Where does the sciatic nerves sometimes exit? What does pinching the sciatic nerve cause?

A
  • tibial and common fibular components
  • sometimes (15% of cases) part of sciatic nerve exits in the middle of piriformis
  • can pinch the sciatic nerve causing pain in the lower limb
  • sciatica = pain in the area of distribution of sciatic nerve L4-S3
18
Q

Which nerves innervate the anterior thigh? medial? posterior?

A 
anterior = femoral n. 
medial = obturator n. 
posterior = sciatic nerve
19
Q

Which nerves innervate the anterior leg? lateral? posterior?

A 
anterior = deep fibular n. 
lateral = superficial fibular n. 
posterior = tibial n
20
Q

What are the nerves of the posterior thigh and their pathway? What symptoms occur of damaged?

A
  • sciatic nerve exits inferior to piriformis muscle
  • damage results in inability to flex knee and move all distal joints
  • divides into tibial and common fibular nerve
21
Q

What are the nerves of the anterior and medial thigh and their pathway? What symptoms occur of damaged?

A
  1. femoral nerve
    - runs deep to inguinal ligament to emerge into femoral triangle
    - if damaged: inability to extend leg, reliance on intact leg to climb stairs and rise from seated position
  2. obturator nerve
    - runs through obturator foramen to emerge between adductor brevis and adductor longus
    - if damaged: weak adduction of thigh
22
Q

What are the medial muscles of the thigh and their action and nerve supply?

A
  • adductors of thigh
  • supplied by obturator nerve
    1. adductor longus
    2. adductor brevis
    3. 1/2 adductor magnus
    4. gracilis
    5. obturator externus
23
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the thigh and their action and nerve supply?

A
  • supplied by femoral nerve
    1. sartorius
    2. quadircep femoris (extensor of leg)
    3. iliopsoas (flexor of thigh)
    4. pectinesu (flexor/adductor of thigh)
24
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the thigh and their action and nerve supply?

A
  • flexors of knee and extensions of thigh
  • supplied by sciatic nerve
  • cross the hip and knee joint
  • have common origin: from ischial tuberosity (bicep femoris has 2 origins)
    1. 1/2 adductor magnus
    Hamstrings:
    2. bicep femoris (longhead)
    3. semitendinosis
    4. semimembranosis
25
Q

Semitendinosus (OINA)

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial surface of upper tibia
N: tibial division of sciatic nerve
A: extends thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg

26
Q

Semimembranosis (OINA)

A

O: ishial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia
N: tibial division of sciatic nerve
A: extends thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg

27
Q

Bicep femoris longhead (OINA)

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: head of fibula
N: tibial division of sciatic nerve
A: extends thigh; flexes and laterally rotates thigh

28
Q

Bicep femoris shorthead (OINA)

A

O: linea aspera
I: head of fibula
N: common fibular division of sciatic nerve
A: flexes and laterally rotates leg

29
Q

What is a pulled hamstring?

A

common in sports injures; can results in avulsion from origin at ischial tuberosity, muscle tear, and hematoma

30
Q

What are the types of contraction and an example?

A
  1. isometric: hamstrings hold thigh in flexion (squat hold)
  2. concentric: hamstrings shorten to raise thigh into extension (standing from squat)
  3. eccentric: hamstrings lengthen to lower thigh into flexion (squatting)

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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