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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2.1 - Thoracic Wall and Lungs > Flashcards

Lecture 2.1 - Thoracic Wall and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Thorax?

A
  • region of trunk between neck and abdomen
  • thoracic wall: skin, fascia, nerves, vessels, muscle, bones, and breast
  • thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, thymus, distal trachea, esophagus
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2
Q

Skeleton of Thoracic Wall?

A
  • osteocartilaginous thoracic cage:

- - sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilage, and 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs

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3
Q

Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)?

A
  • access for thoracic cavity to communicate with the neck; measures AP 5 cm and 11 cm transversely; slopes downward and forward
  • bounded by T1, 1st rib and costal cartilage, and superior border of manubrium
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4
Q

What structures are passed through in the superior thoracic aperture?

A

trachea, esophagus, common carotid arteries, jugular veins, subclavian artery/veins, vagus and phrenic nerves, thoracic duct

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5
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)?

A

implies compression at the superior thoracic outlet, involving neuro-vascular bundle (brachial plexus and subclavian vessels) causing parasthesia, numbness, cyanosis, thrombosis in upper limb

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6
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)?

A
  • access for thoracic cavity to communicate with the abdomen
  • closed by thoracic diaphragm
  • slopes downward and backward
  • bounded by T12, 12th rib and costal margins, xiphisternal joint
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7
Q

What are the parts of the Sternum?

A
  • manubrium: jugular (suprasternal notch), clavicular notch, manubriosternal joint
  • body: costal notches, xiphisternal jiont
  • xiphoid process
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8
Q

Contents of Vertebrae in general?

A
  • body supports body weight
  • superior and inferior articular facets for articulation with other vertebrae; restricts movement
  • transverse/spinous process for muscle attachments
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9
Q

Specific to Thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • costal facets on bodies for articulation with head and ribs
  • costal facets on transverse process for articulation with tubercles of ribs
  • long, inferiorly-directed spinous processes
  • inferior articular facets face anteriorly
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10
Q

How are the ribs divided?

A
  • True ribs: 1-7, vertebrocostal ribs
    • costal cartilage attaches directly to sternum
  • False ribs: 8-10, vertebrochondral ribs
    • costal cartilage attaches to costal cartilage of rib 7
  • Floating ribs: 11-12, no attachment to sternum
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11
Q

Muscles of thoracic wall?

A
  • 3 layers of intercostal space:
    • external intercostal muscle (superficial layer)
    • internal intercostal muscles (middle layer)
    • innermost intercostal muscle (deepest layer) - only present laterally
  • all innervated by intercostal nerves
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12
Q

What is found in each intercostal space?

A
  • a posterior intercostal vein and artery, and an intercostal nerve is found in each intercostal space
  • the vessels and nerve lies between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles
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13
Q

What is the thoracic cavity? What are its 3 compartments?

A
  • space within thoracic walls
  • 3 compartments:
    • 2 lateral compartments: right and left pulmonary cavities
    • one central compartment: mediastinum
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14
Q

What are the components of the pulmonary cavities?

A
  • lungs and pleurae (lining membranes)
  • lungs: essential organ of respiration
  • pleurae: serous pleural sac consisting of 2 continous membranes
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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of Pleurae?

A
  • parietal pleura (outer lining)
    • lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall and the mediastinum
    • 4 parts: costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, cervical (cupola)
  • visceral pleura (inner lining)
    • invests the lungs and cannot be dissected from lungs
  • pleural cavity
    • potential space between visceral and parietal pleura, filled with pleural fluid which acts as a lubricant
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16
Q

Where do the lungs attach? How is it divided and what’s the apex?

A
  • attaches to pulmonary vessels and trachea
  • apex: blunt superior end
  • divided into lobes by horizontal and oblique fissures
17
Q

Lobes of lungs?

A
  • right lung: larger, heavier
    • 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
  • left lung
    • 2 lobes: superior, inferior
18
Q

Where does the trachea begin? What is it made of? And what does it divide into?

A
  • begins at cricoid cartilage
  • 16-20 incomplete hyaline cartilaginous rings
  • divides into right and left primary bronchi and the level of sternal angle
  • carina: division point; it is a keel like projection on the inside; most sensitive area of trachea; last line of defense before entering lungs; carcinomatous lymph nodes widen the carina
19
Q

Trachea cross-section anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly? What is the action of the trachealis muscle?

A
  • anteriorly and laterally: cartilaginous structure

- posteriorly: trachealis muscle; action: constricts the trachea, allowing for higher velocity of air during coughin

20
Q

How are the bronchi divided and how are they differentiated?

A
  • R primary bronchus: wider, shorter, more vertical
    • food and other foreign particles more often go into the right primary bronchus
  • L primary bronchus:
    • closer to pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • each primary bronchus divides into secondary lobar bronchi and then into tertiar segmental bronchi
21
Q

How does circulation occur into the bronchi?

A
  • each segmental bronchus is accompanied by a segmental artery and vein for gas exchange
  • thus, each bronchopulmonary segment operates independently, and can be surgically removed if diseased
22
Q

What is the diaphragm? Shape? What does it separate?

A
  • chief muscle of inspiration
  • dome-shaped
  • separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
23
Q

What are diaphragmatic apertures? Name them and their location.

A
  • permits structures to pass between thorax and abdomen:
    • Caval opening: inferior vena cava between T8-T9
    • esophageal hiatus: esophagus at T10
    • aortic hiatus: aorta, does not pierce diaphragm and passes posterior to median arcuate ligament and anterior to T12
24
Q

Actions of diaphragm?

A
  • contraction moves dome inferiorly
  • pushes abdominal viscera inferiorly
  • increase volume of thoracic cavity
  • allows air to be taken into the lungs
  • diaphragm also important in circulation of blood, in abdominal straining (as in micturition, defecation and parturition), and in weight-lifting
25
Q

Muscles of inspiration?

A
  • diaphragm, external/internal intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, serratus posterior superior, levator costarum
26
Q

What does the diaphragm do in inspiration? The ribs? Pleural cavities and lungs? Abdomen?

A
  • diaphragm contracts
    • dome pulls inferiorly
    • vertical height of thorax increases
    • intrathoracic pressure decreases
  • ribs elevated
    • passively during relaxed inspiration
    • actively during forced inspiration
  • pleural cavities and lungs enlarge
    • air rushes passively into lungs (not pumped in)
  • abdominal pressure increases due to decreased abdominal volume
27
Q

Muscles of expiration?

A

normal: elastic recoil of lungs
forced:
- rectus abdominus, internal intercostals, external/internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominus, serratus posterior inferior

28
Q

What does the diaphragm do in expiration? Lungs? Ribs? Abdomen?

A
  • diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
    • thoracic volume decreases
    • intrathoracic pressure increases
  • stretch elastic tissue of the lungs recoilds (like and inflated balloon releasing its air)
    • air is expelled
  • ribs are depressed
  • abdominal pressure is decreased
29
Q

What are the nerves of the diaphragm and where doe they arise from?

A
  • motor supply is from the phrenic nerves
    • arise from ventral rami C3-C5
  • sensory supply primary from phrenic nerves (centrally)
    • some from intercostal and subcostal nerves (peripherally)
30
Q

What is the posterior intercostal artery a branch of? What do the posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A
  • artery: direct branches of the descending aorta.

- vein: drain into hemiazygos vein (left) and azygos vein (right)

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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