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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 3.1 - The Back > Flashcards

Lecture 3.1 - The Back Flashcards

1
Q

What role does the vertebral column play? What do the curvatures and intervertebral discs provide?

A
  • has an important role in posture, in support of body weight, in locomotion, and in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots
  • curvatures and the intervertebral discs provide shock-absorbing resilience for the body
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2
Q

What are the vertebral regions?

A
  • consists of 33 vertebrae; only 24 are movable
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5, fused not long after birth)
  • coccygeal (3-4, fused during middle of life)
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3
Q

Do all have the same number of vertebrae? Which vertebrae is always consistent?

A

Not all have 33 vertebrae, but the cervical vertebrae number is always constant (7); variations occur in the remaining

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4
Q

What are primary and secondary curvatures?

A
  • thoracic and sacral curvatures are primary curvatures; develop in fetal life
  • secondary curvatures are cervical curvature which develop at 3 months of age when infant holds head erect, and lumbar curvature which develops as child begins to walk (11-13 months)
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5
Q

What are the different types of spinal column curvatures?

A
  • kyphosis: exaggerated concave anteriorly
  • lordosis = exaggerated concave posteriorly
  • scoliosis = any mediolateral curvature of spine
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6
Q

What are the general contents of every vertebrae?

A
  • body = supports body weight
  • superior and inferior articular facets for articulation with other vertebrae; restricts movement
  • transverse/spinous process for muscle attachment
  • pedicle/lamina form vertebral foramen to protect spinal cord
  • superior/inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae form the intervertebral foramen
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7
Q

Where to spinal nerves exit?

A

intervertebral foramen

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8
Q

What is spondylosis?

A

Older people develop spondylosis, especially in cervical and lumbar regions, when encroachments occur on intervertebral foramina (osteophytes) and on vertebral canal (disc degeneration) that cause pressure on nerve roots resulting in radiculopathy

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9
Q

What is specific to the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • transverse foramen (vertebral artery passes through) are large
  • small or non-existent body
  • superior articular facets face superiorly and inferior articular facets face inferiorly
  • spinous processes of 3rd and 6th vertebrae are short and bifid
  • superior/inferior vertebral notches are equal in size
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10
Q

What is specific to the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • costal facets on bodies for articulation with head or ribs
  • costal facets on transverse process for articulation with tubercles of ribs
  • long, inferiorly-directed spinous processes
  • superior articular facets face posteriorly and inferior articular facets face anteriorly
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11
Q

What is specific to the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • large, heavy body that supports weight of torso, upper limbs, and head
  • short, sturdy spinous/transverse processes
  • superior articular facets face medially and inferior articular facets face laterally
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12
Q

What is specific to the sacrum?

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • L5 vertebra attaches superiorly
  • hip bones (ilium) attach laterally
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13
Q

What is sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra? Lumbarization of 1st sacral vertebra?

A
  • In 5% of people, the 5th lumbar vertebra is partly or completely incorporated into sacrum (hemisacralization of sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebra).
  • Sometimes, the 1st sacral vertebra is separated from the sacrum (lumbarization of 1st sacral vertebra)
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14
Q

What is specific to sacrum and coccyx?

A
  • spinous processes and articular processes are fused into jagged ridges
  • sacral hiatus: provides access to sacral canal
  • joint between coccyx and sacrum can move a little
    • important during childbirth
    • fuses at old age
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15
Q

What are the intervertebral discs composed of?

A
  • nucleus pulposus: gelatinous central mass
  • anulus fibrosus
    • outer fibrous part
    • composed of fibrocartilage
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16
Q

What do the intervertebral joints allow?

A
  • compression (helping to absorb shock of body weight)
  • bending
    • anterior/posterior
    • mediolateral
  • twisting
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17
Q

What are the movements of the vertebrae?

A
  • three types: flexion/extension/hyperextension, lateral bending, twisting (rotation)
  • movement between vertebrae is very small
  • when combined, the movement is significant
  • movement is greatest in lumbar and cervical regions
  • movements in thoracic region is relatively stable due to its connection with sternum, costal cartilages, thinner intervertebral discs and because the spinous processes overlap here
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18
Q

What are zygapophyseal joints?

A
  • facet joints = superior + inferior articular facets

- all zygapophyseal facets are plane type of synovial joints and are oriented somewhat superoinferiorly

19
Q

What are the characteristics of cervical zygapophyseal joints?

A
  • lots of mobility
  • facet oriented at 45 degrees from horizontal plane
  • sloped inferiorly from anterior to posterior; helps flexion, extension and rotation
  • joint capsule loose and broad
20
Q

What are the characteristics of thoracic zygapophyseal joints?

A
  • limited mobility
  • facet oriented in mostly coronal, sloped almost vertical; limit flexion and extension but permits some rotation
  • joint capsule relatively tight
21
Q

What are the characteristics of lumbar zygapophyseal joints?

A
  • moderate mobility
  • facet oriented in sagittal plane
  • facets curved; process interlock
  • allow anteroposterior bending and lateral flexion
  • does not allow much rotation
  • joint capsule relatively tight
22
Q

What movement do the cervical vertebrae allow?

A
  • flexion tends to open up the intervertebral foramina
  • extension, lateral bending, and rotation crowd the intervertebral foramina
    1. flexion
    2. extension
    3. lateral flexion
    4. rotation (especially atlantoaxial joint)
23
Q

What movement do thoracic vertebrae allow?

A
  • most stable due to articulations with ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
    1. rotation
    2. limited flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
24
Q

What movement do the lumbar vertebrae allow?

A
  1. flexion
  2. extension
  3. lateral flexion
    almost NO rotation
25
Q

How to ligaments affect movement?

A

ligaments limit movement

26
Q

What is unique of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  • prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

- can severely stretch or torn during severe hyperextension of the neck as in a rear end automobile collision

27
Q

What are the 2 groups of muscles on the back?

A
  1. Intrinsic muscles: muscles of the back proper
  2. Extrinsic muscles: muscles of the upper limb/thorax that have migrated onto the back:
    - trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus posterior superior/inferior
28
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

A

all innervated segmentally by posterior rami of spinal nerves

29
Q

Splenius capitis (OINA)

A

O: nuchal ligament and spinous process of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
I: mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: Unilaterally = laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side; Bilaterally = extends/hyperextends neck

30
Q

Splenius cervicis (OINA)

A

O: nuchal ligament and spinous process of upper thoracic vertebrae
I: transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae
N: segmentally by posterior ramu
A: Unilaterally = laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side; Bilaterally = extends/hyperextends neck

31
Q

Iliocostalis (OINA)

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest
I: angle of ribs
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: extend/laterally bend vertebral column

32
Q

Longissimus (OINA)

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae
I: transverse process of vertebrae, between angle and tubercles of ribs
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: extend/laterally bend vertebral column; extends head

33
Q

Spinalis (OINA)

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae
I: spinous process of vertebrae
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: extend/laterally bend vertebral column

34
Q

Semispinalis (OINA)

A

O: transverse process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
I: occipital bone, spinous process; spans 4-6 segments
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: extends head and thoracic/cervical region of vertebral column

35
Q

Multifidus (OINA)

A

O: sacrum, ilium, mammillary (L1-5)/transverse (T1-12)/articular (C4-7) processes of vertebrae
I: spinous process; spans 2-4 segments
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: stabilizes vertebrae

36
Q

Rotatores (OINA)

A

O: transverse process of vertebrae; most well developed in thoracic region
I: lamina and spinous process of vertebrae 1-2 segments above
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: stabilizes vertebrae

37
Q

Levatores costarum (OINA)

A

O: tips of transverse processes
I: between tubercle and angle of ribs and below
N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: elevates ribs (assists with inspiration)

38
Q

Where are interspinales? Intertransversarii?

A

Interspinales: between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Intertransversarii: between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

39
Q

What is the sub occipital triangle?

A
  • deep to semispinalis capitis muscle; contains vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
  • obliquus capitis superior/inferior, rectus capitis posterior major/minor
  • innervated by suboccipital nerve
  • extend and rotate head
40
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major (OINA)

A

O: spinous process of C2 (axis)
I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally rotates head; bilaterally extends neck

41
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor (OINA)

A

O: posterior arch of C1 (atlas)
I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally rotates head; bilaterally extends neck

42
Q

Obliquus capitis superior (OINA)

A

O: transverse process of C1 (atlas)
I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally flexes head to ipsilateral side; bilaterally extends head

43
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior (OINA)

A

O: spinous process of C2
I: transverse process of C1
N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally rotates C1 and head; bilaterally extends neck

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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