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Human Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2.2 - Heart and Mediastinum > Flashcards

Lecture 2.2 - Heart and Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart oriented in the thorax?

A
  • mostly on left
  • apex pointed anterior-inferiorly
  • right surface is mostly right atrium
  • anterior surface is mostly right ventricle
  • left surface is mostly left ventricle
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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the heart?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium: a continuous membrane that forms two layers separated by a serous-filled pericardial cavity
    - parietal pericardium: adhered to deep surface of fibrous pericardium
    - visceral pericardium (epicardium): outer layer of heart tissue
  3. Myocardium: thick made layer of specialized cardiac muscle
  4. Endocardium: thin internal lining membrane of the heart that also lines the valves
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3
Q

What are the atria?

A
  • atria are the receiving chambers that pump blood into the ventricles
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4
Q

How does blood flow through the right ventricle?

A
  • pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk (artery)
  • pulmonary arteries carry low oxygen blood to the lungs
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5
Q

Blood flow in left atrium?

A
  • 4 pulmonary veins receive well oxygenated blood from the lungs
  • auricle projects anteriorly
  • pectinate muscles
  • foramen ovale
  • blood leaves through mitral valve to left ventricle
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6
Q

What are the components of the left ventricle?

A
  • mitral (bicuspid) valve
  • chordae tendineae
  • papillary muscles (2)
  • trabeculae carneae
  • pumps blood through aortic semilunar valve in aortic arch
  • very thick walls
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7
Q

Name the 4 heart valves

A
  • tricuspid valve
  • pulmonary valve
  • mitral valve
  • aortic valve
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8
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves? What are their purposes? How are chordae tendinae and papillary muscles involved?

A
  • Tricuspid valve: prevents backflow through right atrioventricular orifice
  • Mitral (bicuspid) valve: prevents backflow through left atrioventricular orifice
  • Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent cusps from inverting back into the atria due to pressure of blood ventricles
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9
Q

What are the semilunar valves and their actions?

A
  • Pulmonary valve: prevents blood from backflowing from pulmonary artery into right ventricle
  • Aortic valve: prevents blood from backflowing from aorta into left ventricle
  • Each has 3 cusps, which create 3 sinuses that fill when valve close
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10
Q

What are coronary arteries? What is the difference between left and right?

A
  • supply epicardium and myocardium
  • 1st branch of aorta
  • arises from aortic sinuses
    1. Left coronary artery:
  • lies in left atrioventricular groove
  • its branches supply: left atrium, most of left ventricle, and part of right ventricle.
    2. Right coronary artery:
  • lies in right atrioventricular groove
  • its branches supply: right atrium, most of right ventricle, and part of left ventricle
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11
Q

What is heart dominance and its percentages?

A
  • whichever coronary artery leads to the posterior interventricular artery
  • 70% right dominant
  • 10% left dominant
  • 20% co dominant
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12
Q

What are the cardiac veins? Where are they located? Where do they drain?

A
  • most cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus, lying in the left atrioventricular groove and coronary sinus then drains into right atrium.
    1. Anterior: lie across right atrioventricular groove and empties directly into right atrium.
    2. Great: lies in anterior interventricular groove with anterior interventricular artery
    3. Small: lies along right margin with right marginal artery then in right atrioventricular groove with right coronary artery
    4. Middle: lies in posterior interventricular groove with posterior interventricular artery
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13
Q

What is the Mediastinum? Where is it located and what does it do?

A
  • interpulmonary space (the area between the pulmonary cavities)
  • contains all the thoracic viscera and structures except for the lungs
  • extends from superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm, and from the sternum to the thoracic vertebrae (4 divisions)
    • superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum
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14
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum and what does it contain?

A
  • between body of sternum and pericardium

- contains remnants of thymus, internal thoracic artery and branches, lymph nodes, fat, connective tissue

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15
Q

Where is the middle mediastinum and what does it contain?

A
  • between right and left pleural cavities
  • contains pericardium, heart, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk and arteries, pulmonary veins, end of superior vena cava, arch of azygos vein, primary bronchi, phrenic nerve
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16
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum and what does it contain?

A
  • from superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4/5)
  • contains: brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch of aorta and branches (ABCS), trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus, vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerve
17
Q

Where is the posterior mediastinum and what does it contain?

A
  • between pericardium and T4-T12 vertebra
  • contains esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos weins, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunk
18
Q

What are the veins of thorax?

A

brachiocephalic, superior vena cava (from upper body), azygos vein (drains right thorax), inferior vena cava (from lower body), and hemiazygos vein (drains left thorax)

19
Q

What does the lymphatic system do? What are the major lymph vessels and where do they drain?

A
  • returns excess tissue fluid (lymph) to the bloodstream
  • lymph nodes filter foreign materials, trigger immune system
  • major lymph vessels:
    • thoracic duct drains 3/4 of body, empties into left subclavian vein
    • right lymphatic duct drains upper right quadrant, empties into right subclavian vein
20
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

a remnant of a fetal valve in atrial septum which shunted blood from the right atrium to left atrium, bypassing the non functioning lungs.

21
Q

What aligns with the pectinate muscles?

A
  • the auricle and anterior part of atrium are lined with pectinate muscles
22
Q

What kind of blood does the R atrium receive and from where? Where does the blood pass through?

A
  • receives poorly oxygenated blood from body: superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
  • blood passes through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

Human Gross Anatomy (17 decks)

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