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Micro Physiology > Lecture 43-44- Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 43-44- Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

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2
Q

What three things can happen to carbs

A

Turned into ATP
Turned into glycogen
Turned into adipose tissue as triglycerides

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3
Q

What will build up in times of low perfusion

A

Lactate

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4
Q

What are the steps of glucose catabolism

A

Glycolysis- conversion to pyruvate
Citric acid cycle- CO2
ETC- ATP

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5
Q

What process converts glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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6
Q

What is the process that converts glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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7
Q

What hormone is released by the pancrease when blood glucose levels fall

A

Glucagon

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8
Q

What two hormones stimulate glycognolysis

A

Epinephrine and glucagon

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9
Q

How many hours does it take to deplete glycogen stores when fasting

A

12-24 hours

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10
Q

What process makes glucose out of amino acids and triglycerides?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis take place

A

The liver and kidneys

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12
Q

Which lipid can undergo gluconeogenesis- glycerol or fatty acids

A

Glycerol

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13
Q

The 3 in Omega 3 indicates

A

A double bound, third from the methyl end

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14
Q

What molecule is necessary to shuttle fatty acids into the mitochondria?

A

carnitine

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15
Q

What can trigger ketone formation

A

Diabetes mellitus
Low carb diets
Starvation

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16
Q

Free fatty acids broken down from self adipose tissue travel to the liver and turn into what during lipidolysis?

A

Ketones

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17
Q

Because fatty acids can not be used for gluconeogenesis, what form are they converted into for easy cell usage?

A

Ketones

18
Q

A protein bound to a lipid to transport it through the body

A

Lipoprotein

19
Q

What must free fatty acids bind to to form a lipoprotein for transportation

A

Albumin

20
Q

What low density lipoprotein transports newly digested fat (triglycerides) to the bloodstream

A

Chylomicron

21
Q

Where are chylomicrons created

A

Enterocytes

22
Q

What binds to chylomicrons in the capillaries to convert it to a VLDL

A

LPL- Lipoproteinlipase

23
Q

What is the function of VLDL

A

Deposit triglycerides in tissue

24
Q

If LPL removes more triglycerides from a VLDL, what does it become

A

A IDL

25
Q

What is the function of IDL

A

Remove cholesterol esters from HDL using CETP (cholesterol ester binding protein)

26
Q

Why is cholesterol-related heart disease more common in humans than dogs

A

Dogs lack CETP so they do not have cholesterol being deposited in their veins from HDL

27
Q

What does IDL convert into eventually

A

LDL

28
Q

What is the main function of LDL

A

Deposit cholesterol in peripheral tissues

29
Q

What is the main function of HDL

A

transfer cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver (excreted in bile)

30
Q

What is the inflammatory difference between Omega 3 and Omega 6

A

Omega 3 is antiinflammatory
Omega 6 is proinflammatory

31
Q

What ammino acid is essential for cats to preform the ammonia cycle

A

Arginine

32
Q

What is skeletal muscle preferred energy source

A

free fatty acids

33
Q

What is the only organ besides the liver that can preform gluconeogenesis

A

The kidney

34
Q

What are the major fuel sources for the intestinal tract

A

Amino acids glutamate and glutamine and fatty acids created during fermentation

35
Q

Tissues that can only use glucose for fuel

A

RBCs, retina, and renal medulla

36
Q

What system can recycle used glucose in the form of lactate in dire circumstances

A

The Cori Cycle

37
Q

Are FFA levels higher during a meal or hours after?

A

Hours after, glucose levels are high during a meal, FFA levels rise as fat is broken down endogenously

38
Q

Are FFAs endogenous lipid stores or exogenous?

A

Endogenous

39
Q

When does the post absorbtive phase begin?

A

7-8 hours after a meal

40
Q

What is released when insulin levels are low?

A

Free fatty acids

41
Q

What is the preferred fule source for gluconeogenesis?

A

Amino acids

Micro Physiology (35 decks)

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