Lecture 43-44- Metabolism

Question 1

What is the storage form of glucose

Answer 1

Glycogen

Question 2

What three things can happen to carbs

Answer 2

Turned into ATP
Turned into glycogen
Turned into adipose tissue as triglycerides

Question 3

What will build up in times of low perfusion

Answer 3

Lactate

Question 4

What are the steps of glucose catabolism

Answer 4

Glycolysis- conversion to pyruvate
Citric acid cycle- CO2
ETC- ATP

Question 5

What process converts glucose to glycogen

Answer 5

Glycogenesis

Question 6

What is the process that converts glycogen to glucose

Answer 6

Glycogenolysis

Question 7

What hormone is released by the pancrease when blood glucose levels fall

Answer 7

Glucagon

Question 8

What two hormones stimulate glycognolysis

Answer 8

Epinephrine and glucagon

Question 9

How many hours does it take to deplete glycogen stores when fasting

Answer 9

12-24 hours

Question 10

What process makes glucose out of amino acids and triglycerides?

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis

Question 11

Where does gluconeogenesis take place

Answer 11

The liver and kidneys

Question 12

Which lipid can undergo gluconeogenesis- glycerol or fatty acids

Answer 12

Glycerol

Question 13

The 3 in Omega 3 indicates

Answer 13

A double bound, third from the methyl end

Question 14

What molecule is necessary to shuttle fatty acids into the mitochondria?

Answer 14

carnitine

Question 15

What can trigger ketone formation

Answer 15

Diabetes mellitus
Low carb diets
Starvation

Question 16

Free fatty acids broken down from self adipose tissue travel to the liver and turn into what during lipidolysis?

Answer 16

Ketones

Question 17

Because fatty acids can not be used for gluconeogenesis, what form are they converted into for easy cell usage?

Answer 17

Ketones

Question 18

A protein bound to a lipid to transport it through the body

Answer 18

Lipoprotein

Question 19

What must free fatty acids bind to to form a lipoprotein for transportation

Answer 19

Albumin

Question 20

What low density lipoprotein transports newly digested fat (triglycerides) to the bloodstream

Answer 20

Chylomicron

Question 21

Where are chylomicrons created

Answer 21

Enterocytes

Question 22

What binds to chylomicrons in the capillaries to convert it to a VLDL

Answer 22

LPL- Lipoproteinlipase

Question 23

What is the function of VLDL

Answer 23

Deposit triglycerides in tissue

Question 24

If LPL removes more triglycerides from a VLDL, what does it become

Answer 24

A IDL

Question 25

What is the function of IDL

Answer 25

Remove cholesterol esters from HDL using CETP (cholesterol ester binding protein)

Question 26

Why is cholesterol-related heart disease more common in humans than dogs

Answer 26

Dogs lack CETP so they do not have cholesterol being deposited in their veins from HDL

Question 27

What does IDL convert into eventually

Answer 27

LDL

Question 28

What is the main function of LDL

Answer 28

Deposit cholesterol in peripheral tissues

Question 29

What is the main function of HDL

Answer 29

transfer cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver (excreted in bile)

Question 30

What is the inflammatory difference between Omega 3 and Omega 6

Answer 30

Omega 3 is antiinflammatory Omega 6 is proinflammatory

Question 31

What ammino acid is essential for cats to preform the ammonia cycle

Answer 31

Arginine

Question 32

What is skeletal muscle preferred energy source

Answer 32

free fatty acids

Question 33

What is the only organ besides the liver that can preform gluconeogenesis

Answer 33

The kidney

Question 34

What are the major fuel sources for the intestinal tract

Answer 34

Amino acids glutamate and glutamine and fatty acids created during fermentation

Question 35

Tissues that can only use glucose for fuel

Answer 35

RBCs, retina, and renal medulla

Question 36

What system can recycle used glucose in the form of lactate in dire circumstances

Answer 36

The Cori Cycle

Question 37

Are FFA levels higher during a meal or hours after?

Answer 37

Hours after, glucose levels are high during a meal, FFA levels rise as fat is broken down endogenously

Question 38

Are FFAs endogenous lipid stores or exogenous?

Answer 38

Endogenous

Question 39

When does the post absorbtive phase begin?

Answer 39

7-8 hours after a meal

Question 40

What is released when insulin levels are low?

Answer 40

Free fatty acids

Question 41

What is the preferred fule source for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 41

Amino acids