Lecture 43-44- Metabolism Flashcards
What is the storage form of glucose
Glycogen
What three things can happen to carbs
Turned into ATP
Turned into glycogen
Turned into adipose tissue as triglycerides
What will build up in times of low perfusion
Lactate
What are the steps of glucose catabolism
Glycolysis- conversion to pyruvate
Citric acid cycle- CO2
ETC- ATP
What process converts glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
What is the process that converts glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
What hormone is released by the pancrease when blood glucose levels fall
Glucagon
What two hormones stimulate glycognolysis
Epinephrine and glucagon
How many hours does it take to deplete glycogen stores when fasting
12-24 hours
What process makes glucose out of amino acids and triglycerides?
Gluconeogenesis
Where does gluconeogenesis take place
The liver and kidneys
Which lipid can undergo gluconeogenesis- glycerol or fatty acids
Glycerol
The 3 in Omega 3 indicates
A double bound, third from the methyl end
What molecule is necessary to shuttle fatty acids into the mitochondria?
carnitine
What can trigger ketone formation
Diabetes mellitus
Low carb diets
Starvation
Free fatty acids broken down from self adipose tissue travel to the liver and turn into what during lipidolysis?
Ketones
Because fatty acids can not be used for gluconeogenesis, what form are they converted into for easy cell usage?
Ketones
A protein bound to a lipid to transport it through the body
Lipoprotein
What must free fatty acids bind to to form a lipoprotein for transportation
Albumin
What low density lipoprotein transports newly digested fat (triglycerides) to the bloodstream
Chylomicron
Where are chylomicrons created
Enterocytes
What binds to chylomicrons in the capillaries to convert it to a VLDL
LPL- Lipoproteinlipase
What is the function of VLDL
Deposit triglycerides in tissue
If LPL removes more triglycerides from a VLDL, what does it become
A IDL
What is the function of IDL
Remove cholesterol esters from HDL using CETP (cholesterol ester binding protein)
Why is cholesterol-related heart disease more common in humans than dogs
Dogs lack CETP so they do not have cholesterol being deposited in their veins from HDL
What does IDL convert into eventually
LDL
What is the main function of LDL
Deposit cholesterol in peripheral tissues
What is the main function of HDL
transfer cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver (excreted in bile)
What is the inflammatory difference between Omega 3 and Omega 6
Omega 3 is antiinflammatory
Omega 6 is proinflammatory
What ammino acid is essential for cats to preform the ammonia cycle
Arginine
What is skeletal muscle preferred energy source
free fatty acids
What is the only organ besides the liver that can preform gluconeogenesis
The kidney
What are the major fuel sources for the intestinal tract
Amino acids glutamate and glutamine and fatty acids created during fermentation
Tissues that can only use glucose for fuel
RBCs, retina, and renal medulla
What system can recycle used glucose in the form of lactate in dire circumstances
The Cori Cycle
Are FFA levels higher during a meal or hours after?
Hours after, glucose levels are high during a meal, FFA levels rise as fat is broken down endogenously
Are FFAs endogenous lipid stores or exogenous?
Endogenous
When does the post absorbtive phase begin?
7-8 hours after a meal
What is released when insulin levels are low?
Free fatty acids
What is the preferred fule source for gluconeogenesis?
Amino acids
