lecture 4

Question 1

amnesia

Answer 1

profound loss of memory -loss of previously learned info or inability to learn new info

Question 2

2 types of amnesia

Answer 2

retrograde and anterograde

Question 3

retrograde amnesia

Answer 3

loss of previously learned info

Question 4

anterograde info

Answer 4

inability to learn new info

Question 5

childhood amnesia

Answer 5

general inability to remember very early experiences

Question 6

freud

Answer 6

children suppress unsuitable impressions or emotional trauma in order to reduce internal conflicts

Question 7

difficult to evaluate freud theory

Answer 7

remembered info may not be independently verifiable and even if it is might be remembering someone else later description

Question 8

sheingold and tenney 1982

Answer 8

asked adults about the birth of a sibling - did you visit your mother in hospital. subjects younger than 3 years old recalled no information

Question 9

Winograd and killinger

Answer 9

few people younger than 3 years when JFK was assassinated could recall where they were r

Question 10

but before age of 3-4 children can

Answer 10

recall info about events occurred earlier in their lives - Myers - found 3 yo could remember a visit to the psych lab two years earlier

Question 11

as young children grow

Answer 11

they develop language , consciousness and sense of self

Question 12

as language develops information begins to

Answer 12

be processed differently

Question 13

biological development

Answer 13

brain structures have not developed fully enough to support the memory , particularly hippocampus

Question 14

psychogenic amnesia example

Answer 14

Gordon Wilson lost his daughter. but didn’t remember the death due to psychological causes
aka functional /hysteria amnesia

Question 15

fugue state

Answer 15

individuals forget their past and identities - extremely rare

Question 16

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 16

having at least one alter ego that controls behaviour- often originates from childhood trauma or abuse

Question 17

organic amnesia

Answer 17

loss of memory due to physical damage to the brain

Question 18

organic amnesia effects

Answer 18

severe and permanent anterograde amnesia, little conscious knowledge , perform badly on direct tests of memory

Question 19

Korsakoffs syndrome

Answer 19

prolonged alcohol abuse leads to thiamine deficiency and subsequent brain damage

Question 20

brain damage can arise in several different ways

Answer 20

korsakoffs syndrome, viral encephalitis- infection of brain , surgical lesions, closed head injury , lack of oxygen, stroke/ tumour

Question 21

location of damage

Answer 21

amnesic syndrome can arise from lesions in many different areas of the brain either alone of in combination

Question 22

amnesic syndrome is usually associated with

Answer 22

bilateral damage to media temporal lives - part of the limbic system

Question 23

consolidation - failure hypothesis

Answer 23

retrieval of long term memories in intact info can be kept in mind for a short period. but after a short delay , performance is poor
formation of new long term memories is impaired

Question 24

in order for STM to become LTM it must go through a

Answer 24

consolidation process . it its disrupted - STM cannon be consolidated. hence RA or AA

Question 25

avoidance learning

Answer 25

when shaking hands with a Korsakoff patient he jabbed her with a pin.next day she refused to hake hands but could NOT explain her reluctance

Question 26

motor learning

Answer 26

HM could learn simple motor tasks - mirror drawing but could not remember previously doing the task

Question 27

perceptual learning

Answer 27

presented word and pictures - amnesic patients did poorly on memory tests but when asked to identify degraded versions , amnesics benefited as much as controls

Question 28

amnesic patients were shown hidden figure pictures

Answer 28

measured time to locate figure. shown again the next day - took less time to locate hidden figure

Question 29

Schacter

Answer 29

amnesic patients perform badly id tested explicitly but much better if tested implicitly

Question 30

implicit memory is preserved

Answer 30

in amnesia- reason why patients can perform avoidance learning, motor learning and perceptual learning

Question 31

explicit memory tests

Answer 31

free and cued recall

Question 32

implicit memory tests

Answer 32

stem completion

Question 33

differences among amnesics

Answer 33

some patients confabulate - make up stories - fill in the gaps

Question 34

confabulation

Answer 34

associated with damage to the frontal areas

Question 35

normal ageing

Answer 35

impaired explicit memory

spared implicit memory

Question 36

abnormal ageing

Answer 36

both impaired in Alzheimers but explicit impaired more than implicit