lecture 4 Flashcards
behaviourism
only study things that are observable and therefore measurable
ivan pavlov
classical conditioning
learning through association between an environmental and naturally occurring stimuli
conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell rings
thorndike
focused on the acquisition of behaviour
looked at how cats escape from a puzzle box
law of effect
behaviour depends on consequence
j.b Watson
founder of behaviourism
believed that knowledge should be used on observable behaviour
did not like introspection
be believed conditioned learning could account for all kinds of behaviour
little Albert
conditioned to fear white lab rat
bf skinner
operant conditioning
learning is an active process
behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
behaviour which is reinforced
tends to be strengthened
behaviour which is not reinforced
tends to be weakened
positive reinforcement
occurs when behaviour produces a consequence- that is satisfying/ pleasant
negative reinforcement
when something unpleasant is removed to avoid something unpleasant
punishment
behaviour is less likely to occur / weaken the response because of the negative consequence
disadvantages of behaviourism
behaviour often shows purpose eg - rats will learn the shortest routes not the one that has been most reinforced
animals often show instinctive drift back to their original behaviours
evolutionary constraints on what is learned
much of human experience is unobservable
cannot explain language
cognitive revolution
removing the mind
models
analogies of the mind and how it works
complex processes intervene between stimuli and responses
inferring central mental processes from observable behaviour
cognition
way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering , thinking and knowing
computer analogy
computers have some kind of input - it has a hardware which has memory / operations , this then creates an output
miller
magic number 7 plus or minus 2
chunking- breaking into manageable parts
bruner
aims to discover and describe the meanings that humans created out of their encounters with the world
newell and Simon
information processing
thinking like computers
psycholinguistics
behaviourism cannot explain language
Chomsky - children learning to speak just don’t have enough info to perform complex speech - we have a language acquisition device - inborn structures - gives us the ability to organise info
stroop test
we cannot ignore things even if we try
human consciousness is flexible but sensitive to meaning
free will
we have control of our actions
libels experiments - does intention follow brain activity rather than lead it
conclusion of libet study
brain activity preceded the actual feeling of pressing the button
artificial intelligence e
computer metaphor
role of artificial intelligence in the cognitive revolution
by studying and developing successful situations in AI it becomes possible to make testable influences about human mental processing
