lecture 4

Question 1

behaviourism

Answer 1

only study things that are observable and therefore measurable

Question 2

ivan pavlov

Answer 2

classical conditioning
learning through association between an environmental and naturally occurring stimuli
conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell rings

Question 3

thorndike

Answer 3

focused on the acquisition of behaviour

looked at how cats escape from a puzzle box

Question 4

law of effect

Answer 4

behaviour depends on consequence

Question 5

j.b Watson

Answer 5

founder of behaviourism
believed that knowledge should be used on observable behaviour
did not like introspection
be believed conditioned learning could account for all kinds of behaviour

Question 6

little Albert

Answer 6

conditioned to fear white lab rat

Question 7

bf skinner

Answer 7

operant conditioning
learning is an active process
behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences

Question 8

behaviour which is reinforced

Answer 8

tends to be strengthened

Question 9

behaviour which is not reinforced

Answer 9

tends to be weakened

Question 10

positive reinforcement

Answer 10

occurs when behaviour produces a consequence- that is satisfying/ pleasant

Question 11

negative reinforcement

Answer 11

when something unpleasant is removed to avoid something unpleasant

Question 12

punishment

Answer 12

behaviour is less likely to occur / weaken the response because of the negative consequence

Question 13

disadvantages of behaviourism

Answer 13

behaviour often shows purpose eg - rats will learn the shortest routes not the one that has been most reinforced
animals often show instinctive drift back to their original behaviours
evolutionary constraints on what is learned
much of human experience is unobservable
cannot explain language

Question 14

cognitive revolution

Answer 14

removing the mind

Question 15

models

Answer 15

analogies of the mind and how it works

Question 16

complex processes intervene between stimuli and responses

Answer 16

inferring central mental processes from observable behaviour

Question 17

cognition

Answer 17

way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering , thinking and knowing

Question 18

computer analogy

Answer 18

computers have some kind of input - it has a hardware which has memory / operations , this then creates an output

Question 19

miller

Answer 19

magic number 7 plus or minus 2

chunking- breaking into manageable parts

Question 20

bruner

Answer 20

aims to discover and describe the meanings that humans created out of their encounters with the world

Question 21

newell and Simon

Answer 21

information processing

thinking like computers

Question 22

psycholinguistics

Answer 22

behaviourism cannot explain language
Chomsky - children learning to speak just don’t have enough info to perform complex speech - we have a language acquisition device - inborn structures - gives us the ability to organise info

Question 23

stroop test

Answer 23

we cannot ignore things even if we try

human consciousness is flexible but sensitive to meaning

Question 24

free will

Answer 24

we have control of our actions

libels experiments - does intention follow brain activity rather than lead it

Question 25

conclusion of libet study

Answer 25

brain activity preceded the actual feeling of pressing the button

Question 26

artificial intelligence e

Answer 26

computer metaphor

Question 27

role of artificial intelligence in the cognitive revolution

Answer 27

by studying and developing successful situations in AI it becomes possible to make testable influences about human mental processing