lecture 3 Flashcards
recognition of self
rouge test - bertenthal and Fischer
does the infant notice there is a red dot on their nose
recognition of others
fantz
infants have a preference of looking at faces o ver other images
do infants distinguish their mothers face from another persons
pascalis
4 day old infant distinguished between mothers face and a female stranger face
but if 2 adults wearing scarves (only their internal faces were seen- infants did not distinguish
early recognition of faces is based on external contours of the face
meltzoff and Moore
early smiles were reflexive
what is social referencing
using other peoples emotions to regulate their own
what is attachment
a deep emotional response that one individual forms with another
bowlbys attachment theory
psychoanalytic ideas importance of early childhood experiences
emphasises the importance of having a mother figure
harlow
rhesus monkeys
prefer contact over food
demonstrates that love is not bases on the feeding bond
Lorenz
imprinting - innate readiness to develop a strong bond
cognitive psychology
mental models - schemas and continuity hypothesis
concept of attachment
innate readiness develops at a particular point - sensitive period social releasers monotropy internal workingmodel continuity hypothesis
criticisms
low population validity
social environment- politics of post war
stages of attachment
schaffers and Emerson asocial indiscriminte specific multiple
asocial
behaviour towards inaminate objects and humans are similar
discriminate
more social behaviour- able to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
easily comforted
specific
stronger separation anxiety
specific preference for a single attachment figure
multiple
infants become increasingly independent
some attachments are stronger than others
Ainsworth strange situation results
secure- 70%
insecure avoidant 20%
insecure resistant- 10%
secure type
type b
harmonious and cooperate interactions
separated- little distress- unlikely to cry
anxious- see close body contact and easily soothed
uses the caregiver as a secure basis
insecure avoidant-
type a
tends to avoid social interaction and intimacy
separated - little response
happy to explore
insecure resistant
type c seeks and resists intimacy separated- immediate and intense reunion- conflicting desires less likely to explore
insecure disorganised
type d unusual and disoriented behaviours unable to handle stressful situations frightened/ depressed in presence of mother parenting is neglectful
internal working model
representations of attachment relationships
used to predict or interpret behaviours of others in future
positive outcomes
grossman
attachment st 12 months predicts social skills at 6 years
secure infants had better social skills
negative outcomes
lewis -
insecure attached infants are more likely to become depressed
park and walters- less harmonious friendships
criticisms of Ainsworth study
cross cultural variations
Japanese infants are rarely separated so showed higher levels of separation anxiety
stability of classification- infants behave differently with different parents
lab experiemnt
low internal validity
