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psychology of context > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

infant play types

A

sensori motor
fucntional
symbolic
pretend play

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2
Q

sensorimotor

A

first 18 months

explore objects by feeling and sucking

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3
Q

functional

A

begins in 2nd year

use objects for function designed for

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4
Q

symbolic

A

begins in 2nd year

use objects to represent other objects

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5
Q

pretend play

A

cognitively sophisticated
taking on someone else point of view
older siblings and parents can increase level and complexity

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6
Q

smilanskys stages of play

A

functional
constructive
socio-dramatic
gaming with rules

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7
Q

functional play

A

manipulating objects in a functional msnner

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8
Q

constructive

A

making things with objects

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9
Q

socio dramatic play

A

acting out

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10
Q

gaming with rules

A

adjusting ones behaviour to pre arranged rules

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11
Q

parten

A

social participation - how we encode it -
unoccupied
solitary - playing alone
onlooker- watching others play
parallel- no direct interaction but playing near others
associative- responding to peers
coordinated- complementary interactionwsn

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12
Q

why is play important

A

pelligrini and smith - physical development
infancy - improving coordination
pre schooler- exercise play- balance fitness
middle childhood- rough and tumble - boundaries

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13
Q

importance of symbolic play

A

emotional development

theory of mind skills 0 ability to be aware of another mental state

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14
Q

importance of socio dramatic play

A

increasingly complex social competence
involves planning, negotiation, compromise resolution of conflicts
development of imagination
improves language and cognitive skills

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15
Q

functions of play

A

psychological - expression of emotions
physical task directed behaviours , fitter, coordination balance
cognitive- use of creative thinking, imagination
language- practice communication
social - practice reciprocity

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16
Q

gender differences in play

A

children show clear toy preferences

and play in gender segregated groups

17
Q

gender identity

A

how children understand and interpret their sex role

18
Q

Kohlberg

A

initially children have no gender concept

later they construct concepts from info around them

19
Q

kohl bergs stages

A

basic gender identity- aware of sex but believe it can change
gender stability - aware that sex is stable overtime nut not over situations
gender consistency- realises that sex remains the same regardless of time and location

20
Q

gender schema theory

A

bem- once children know which gender they are they search the environment for info about the values/behaviours of that gender

21
Q

construct schema

A

organised body of knowledge beliefs about characteristics of a group
more focus on info that is consistent with the schema - confirmation bias

22
Q

social learning theory

A

bandora

behaviour is acquired through differential reinforcement and modelling/ observational learning

23
Q

all adults treat female and male

A

infants differently

24
Q

differential reinforcement study

A

seavey , Katz and zalk
3 month old baby dressed in yellow babgro
choice of toys
interact using different toys according to which gender they are told the baby is

25
Q

differential treatment by others

A

teachers - boys receive more attention

peers- positively reinforce gender segregation

26
Q

differential treatment tested by

A

Langlois and downs
same gender pairs of 3 year olds
given a choice of toys
if boys picked cross gender toy - hit/teased
if girls picked cross gender toy.- peers ignored

27
Q

modelling and observational learning

A

children are continually exposed to sex typed behaviour- modelled by parents , peers, films, books

28
Q

Perry and bussey

A

found children more likely to copy the same sex when observing males picking up an apple and women picking a banana

29
Q

social cognitive theory

A

bandura and bussey
interested in translation of gender knowledge into gender related behaviour
social factors important in influencing which gender typed characteristics children acquire

psychology of context (19 decks)

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