lecture 3 Flashcards
for most of history
people with mental disorders were treated as possessed - treated inhumanely
pinel
pioneer in humane treatment of patients and classification disorders
freud
major contributions- techniques and psychodynamic theories
Breuer
talking cure
allows patients to express their feelings unlock certain psychological issues
psychodynamic persepctive
psychology influences caused disorders
unconscious mind
filled with unacceptable thoughts , wishes, feelings and memories
free association
freuds technique to untapped the unconscious by having patients say whatever came to their mind
what is the goal of psychoanalysis
whats happening in the unconscious mind
patients reveal painful, embarrassing thoughts in the unconscious through free association
hynotherapy
mesmer
a way of accessing the unconscious
Breuer
talking cure
first tested on patient Anna O
tased about disturbing memories from the past which alleviated the symptoms
carl jung
free association
getting at unconscious thoughts
frauds drives and instincts
eros ,libido and Thanatos
eros
drive towards creation, life giving - life instinct
libido
drive towards sex and leisure - energy
thanatos
drive towards death - aggressive
something we don’t realise conscioust
structure of personality
id , ego and superego
id
operated at an unconscious level
on the pleasure principle
superego
ensures moral standards - morality
motivates us to behave in a socially responsible manner
ego
conscious mind/self
balances the id and superego
to be mentally healthy
the ego has to be able to balance the demands o the id and superego
if superego is dominant
individual might develop a neurosis - depression
if id is dominant
psychosis - schizophrenia
freud suggested that the mind is divided into three parts
conscious ,unconscious and preconsciouss
conscious
what we are aware of
preconscious
memories/ info we are not currently aware of but can be retrieved when needed
unconscious
unaware of the contents - biological drives and instincts that causes us extreme anxiety - so they are repressed
unconscious influences
latent content of dreams - symbolic meaning
Freudian slip - slip of the tongue
how does the ego negotiate between the id and superego
defence mechanisms repression denial displacement projection
repression
forcing a distressing memory out of the unconscious mind
denial
refusing to acknowledge reality
displacement
transferring feelings from their true source onto a substitute target
projection
involves individuals attributing your own unacceptable thoughts , feelings and motives to another person
psychosexual development
personality is shaped throughout childhood - takes place in a series of fixed psychosexual stages
pleasure principle
the ids pleasure seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas - erogenous zones
stages of psychosexual development
oral anal phallic latency genital
oral
pleasure focus - anus
infant achieves gratification though oral activities
if forceful feeding occurs fixation on oral activities
scubas smoking
anal
withhold and controlling faeces
if toilet training is too harsh or relaxed - obsessiveness , tidiness , disorgamsied
phallic
child earns to realise the differences between males and females - becomes aware of sexualityy
aims to identify with the same sex parent
latency
sexual drives are repressed
child energy is channeled into developing new skills , making friends and dealing with other urges
genital
sexual desires become conscious
develop healthy sexual relationships
oedipus complex
boys begin to desire his mother
boy sees father as a rival for his mothers attention
boy fears the father
so boys identify with his father
Electra complex
girls sexually desire their fathers
girls blame mothers and sees her as a rival
the girl repress her feelings and identifies with her mother
superego develops - replaces penis envy with desire for a baby
neo freudian-alfred adler
Alfred adler
believed in childhood tensions like freud but they were social not sexual
he works with people with physical difficulties
Alfred adler was interested in the different ways people overcame problems
the different ways people overcame problems
inferiority complex
we gain confidence when e realise we are able to meet external goals - those who do not learn this therefore develop inferiority
karen Horney
believed that sex and aggression were not the primary constitutes for determining personality
electra complex do not relate to women
tyranny of shoulds
we have external morals that we then internalise
toxic social environments create unhealthy beliefs in people called shoulds- internalised belief from toxic environment
bargain with fate
we think we can control environments if we follow shoulds- to make us happy
instead of listening to our shoulds
we should listen to our authentic desires- real self
Anna frued
superego becomes clear only when it confronts the ego with hostility
superego speaks with language of guilt and shame
superego creates
anxiety - that we deal with through defence mechanise
sublimation
expand energy o prosocial activities in order t avoid undesired activities
reaction formulation
make unacceptable impulses into their opposite acceptable form
rationalism
try to create logical explanations of our behaviour in order to justify it
denial
refuse to acknowledge info
carl jung
interested in spiritual aspects of the unconscious and conscious
archetypes
universal symbolic images that appear across cultures
humanism
Maslow and carl rogers
Maslow
believes in free will
hierarchy of needs-
basic needs, safety, belongingness, esteem needs and self actualisation
self actualisation
ultimate goal - self fulfilment
carl rogers
personal growth requires an individuals concept of self to be congruent with their ideal self , so people only self actualise if they had a positive view of their self (positive self regard). this can only happen if thy have unconditional positive regard from others
self worth
confidence and positive feelings about him/ herself , face challenges in life , accept and failure
beck c
cognitive therapy - emphasis on perceptions of experience
focus on errors in thinking
existentialists vs humanists similarities and differences
both believe in free will
emphasises uniqueness
driven to be creative
existentialists- neutral humanists - optimist
