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psychology of context > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle the brain

A

highest functioning occurred in the heart

brain was a condenser for overheated vapours - cooling system

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2
Q

descartes

A

recognised that the brain is split into 2 hemispheres

didn’t believe they could form unified functions

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3
Q

18th century doctors began

A

to see a relationship between head injury and certain functions
example- strokes caused loss of speech

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4
Q

19th century

A

empirical science- investigating the senses experimentally - combine physiology with psychology

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5
Q

emerging Zeitgeist

A

common theme of the time
scientific method
modernism- objectivity
materialism- physical properties

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6
Q

psychometrics

A

science of measuring mental faculties such as intelligence , personality , mental illness and educational problems

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7
Q

who was the founder of psychometrics

A

galton

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8
Q

Darwin

A

natural selection
variation within a species
successful genes become more popular
genes passed onto offspring

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9
Q

galton on intelligence

A

individual differences must be innate - intelligence run-in families- hereditary

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10
Q

how did Galen study intelligence

A 
looked at families of eminent / higher social class people 
closer the kinship , the greater the likelihood of eminence
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11
Q

eugenics

A

improving the race by selective breeding

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12
Q

key differences between science and pseudoscience

A

science vs pseudo science
systematic observation vs anecdotal evidence
peer review vs none
considers all evidence vs considers only positive evidence
repeatable results vs non repeatable

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13
Q

anthropometric laboratory

A

systematically studied human traits - height , reaction times, sensory acuity
thought that people with higher intelligence have powerful and efficient nervous systems

power of brain = related to size

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14
Q

Charles spearman

A

he proposed performance on test depends on two factors
single general ability
several specifics such as verbal , visual and numerical

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15
Q

lewis terman

A

adapted binet tests into English
testing became standardised
iq testing

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16
Q

gall

A

compared brains

certain faculties were based in specific parts of the brain

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17
Q

gall anecdotal evidece

A

bumps and indentations on surface of the skull reflect the size of phrenological organs
pseducoscience- cognitively biased

18
Q

Johannes muller

A

proposed that sensations were properties of the NS
we can trick our nerves not experiencing things without external stimuli
example- pressing on eyeball= see flashes of light

19
Q

weber

A

interested in measuring the sensitivity of the senses

threshold of sensations

20
Q

absolute thresholds

A

smallest quantities that give any sensation at all

21
Q

relative threshold

A

smallest quantitative changes that is noticeable

22
Q

webers law

A

only notice a change when the magnitude of the change is bigger than a critical fraction

23
Q

Helmholtz

A

interested in the speed of the nervous impulse

24
Q

rate of neural conduction

A

used frog legs

stimulated the nerve in the leg at different distances and measured time taken for food to twitch

25
Q

Helmholtz also studied vision and audition

A

vison = sensations and perceptions

26
Q

what are sensations

A

raw elements of conscious experience

27
Q

what are perceptions

A

meaningful interpretations of sensations - psychological

28
Q

unconscious inference

A

image on the retina may not accurately reflect the external world
brain perceptions contradict the raw sensations

29
Q

selective attention test

A

we neglect other things but concentrate on one thing

conscious experience is guided by attention

30
Q

structuralist psychology

A

study of conscious experiences by introspection

31
Q

gestalt psychology

A

a whole is more than its parts

32
Q

Wundt

A

founder of experimental psychology
set up first laboratory in Leipzig
psychology is the study of the mental life/ consciousness

33
Q

consciousness

A

inner experience - subjective

must begin with self observation

34
Q

method of Wundt

A

introspection combines self observation with experimentation
yields quantitative data

35
Q

3 categories of consciousness

A

representation
willing
feelings
creates an impression of unitary flow of events

36
Q

structuralism

A

complex mental experiences could be broken down into simple processes

37
Q

only the person having the experiences can observe it

A

subjective

38
Q

problems with wundts methods

A 
unverifiable
subjective
retrospective bias
too Cole 
imageless thoughts]
39
Q

William James

A

stream of consciousness

consciousness is not a thing but a process

40
Q

William James did not believe in

A

breaking down experiences - not stable/ constant

41
Q

functionalism

A

interested in the function

studies how consciousness changes according to the environment

42
Q

James lange there of emotion

A

emotions arise from conscious perceptions your physiological condition
something happens to you that creates a physiological arousal- heart starts beating , then interpret that emotion based on whats going on at the time

psychology of context (19 decks)

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