lecture 3 Flashcards
memory can be influenced by
what we feel
eg - people who are depressed have slower cognitive processing
types of effects on memory cam be at
encoding - if an event arouses intense emotion this may influence the likelihood of the event being remembered
direction of influence may be
positive - flashbulb or negative - repression
relevance to clinical settings
effects on memory ay retrieval
emotional state at the time of retrieval may influenced what is remembered
mood congruent retrieval
what the person remembers tend to match their mood
flashbulb memories brown and kulik
studied memories for persona circumstances surrounding news of JFKs assassination
people had vivid and detailed memories of what they are doing
meaningful events
very like photographs that indiscriminately preserve the scene, which remain permanently fixed in memory - don’t decay
newsier and harsh
average of 3 details out of 7
but confidence was high when asked to recall
no significant correlation between accuracy and confidence
flashbulb memories differ
quantitatively other than qualitatively from other memories
how do flashbulb memories differ
retained more accurately and for longer
subjective to the same reconstructive processes and follows the forgetting curve
higher retention is associated with
emotional impact of the event and increased rehearsal
talarico and rubin
students memory of the 9/11 were tested at retention intervals . flashbulb memories were vivid and everyday memory was less vivid but similar consistency
repression
painful frightening memo’s tend to be repressed - excluded from conscious awareness
evidence for repression
none as it is difficult to study - researchers can’t expose subjects to traumatic events - ethical reasons
recovered memory debate
if someone undergoing therapy apparently recovers memos of being abused is this because therapists has helped to overcome repression of therapist implanted a false memory
mood congruent retrieval
when in a depressed mood there is a bias towards remembering negative info
Lloyd and Lishman procedure
gave clinically depressed patients a list of neutral worlds and asked them to think of either a pleasant or unpleasant memory
Lloyd and lishman results
the more depressed the faster they recalled unpleasant memories
cognitive therapy
important for depression
aims to overcome possible negative bias in their views - aware of distorted thinking and focus on positives
state dependent learning
better learning when in the same state
Goodwin et al
alcohol - encoded info when drunk - more likely to recall in the same state
context dependent learning godden and baddeley
divers learnt lists either or land or underwater
higher recall when in the same context
mood dependent learning map study
induced happy or sad mood at learning and recall . subjects looked at maps while listening to a list of directions. higher recall when mood matches learning and recall
bower
network theory of emotion - emotional are represented by nodes in a semantic network
network theory of emotion explains
mood congruent effects eg- if in a sad mood more likely to recall sad events - activation of associative links
network theory of emotion disadvantage
it treats different emotions in the same way
