lecture 4

Question 1

four characteristics of human movement.

Answer 1

flexible, unique, consistent and modifiable.

Question 2

flexible characteristics

Answer 2

principle of motor equivalence

Question 3

uniqueness characteristic

Answer 3

no two movements are the sake, subtle changes in posture and movement.

Question 4

two different context conditioned variability

Answer 4

internal non-linearities (central drive, elastic properties of locomotor apparatus)

external non-linearities (changes in force and their directions between movements)

Question 5

consistency characteristic

Answer 5

in general, the temporal and spatial pattern of movement(s) remains similar.

Question 6

advantage and disadvantage of consistency

Answer 6

advantage - effortless
disadvantage - can fatigue (sore wrist)

Question 7

modifiability

Answer 7

the capability to alter movement patterns, during motion and in various environments. (changing the way we do things in the middle of an activity)

Question 8

serial movement

Answer 8

group of discrete skills to make a new and complex movement. i.e. lay up in bball

Question 9

discrete movement

Answer 9

breif, well-defined actions with a clear beginning and end, with a single goal. (darts)

Question 10

continuous movement

Answer 10

the skill is repeated like a cycle. (run on a treadmill)

Question 11

stability of environment

Answer 11

low - open skill
high - closed skill.

Question 12

coordination is…

Answer 12

is the function of constraining the components of the motor system into a behavioutal unit i.e., assembling coordinative structures (aka synergies)

Question 13

control is…

Answer 13

is the function of determining the acceptable parameters for the coordinative structures (i.e., ROM. force and speed)

Question 14

skill is…

Answer 14

the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviour.

Question 15

how do we solve the problems of motor control.

Answer 15

by experiencying, developong anf learning postural control.
coordiniation - control - skill (newton, 1985)

Question 15

how are coordinative structures/synergies constructed?

Answer 15

some are present at birth but moust are acquired with practice and experience.

Question 16

feedback control

Answer 16

use of information received via sensory receptors to guide movement.

Question 17

feedforward control

Answer 17

movements made based on anticipated distrubances in the system.

Question 18

Anticipatory postural adjustement

Answer 18

APA. preparatory development of muscle tone and coordination to enable effective future movement. crucial for posture and balance in tasks.

Question 19

compensatory/integrative postural adjustments (CPA/IPA)

Answer 19

muscle actions that enable continued effective behaviour. e.g. when someone pushes you you enable muslces to regain your balance

Question 20

perceptual motor landscape.

Answer 20

Our perceptual motor landscape refers to the complex interplay between perception and action, shaped by our experiences and practice.

Question 21

what do we decrease as we continue to practice and activities.

Answer 21

the context-conditioned variability to find more stable patterns of organisation, which represent the preferred and most efficient ways of performing tasks.

Question 22

how does movement inform perception

Answer 22

heavy backpack - hill looks steeper.

Question 23

how does movement enhance perception

Answer 23

Movement enhances perception by allowing individuals to gather more sensory input and expand their visual field. When we move, our eyes scan the environment, bringing new objects and scenes into view. This increased visual input provides a more comprehensive understanding of our surroundings, aiding in the perception of depth, distance, and spatial relationships.

Question 24

stability

Answer 24

relatively low movement variability

Question 25

efficiency

Answer 25

relatively low energy expenditure, use gravity, if possible, utilise the physical and mechanical properties of muscle and tendons.

Question 26

end state comfort

Answer 26

people choose to make movements that a little uncomfortable at the start but end in comfortable balance position.

Question 27

what is hicks law

Answer 27

that RT will increase with number of stimulus.

Question 28

Which two physical characteristics have only 1 accelerated phase of development?

Answer 28

endurance and strength