lecture 11

Question 1

what does the limbic system include

Answer 1

amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, parts of hypothalamus and hippocampus.

Question 2

what is the role of the limbic system?

Answer 2

motivation, emotion, learning and memory. The emotion is a large part od what makes us want to act.
Influences the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system.

Question 3

what controls our decision to perform a movement

Answer 3

the limbic system.

Question 4

what does the decision to act depend on

Answer 4

goals, abilities, tendencies. sub/conscious decisions.

Question 5

What does the association cortex do?

Answer 5

integrates sensory and motor functions.
- Auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex, etc.
- Recognition of relevant inputs.
- Makes sense of input
- Integration of input into motor response.

Question 6

what controls our response selection?

Answer 6

the association cortex. Retrieving a motor programme. Short/long term memory. Implicit/explicit.

Question 7

to have a response to select or develop a plan what do we need to have?

Answer 7

we need to have already know or have an idea of a movement or action to do.

Question 8

what is part of the projection system?

Answer 8

Includes Cerebral cortex, motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and parietal cortex. Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum.

Question 9

what does scaling/fine tuning include?

Answer 9

Selecting appropriate parameters: Force, displacement, velocity, body segment, posture, muscle groups. Parameters depend on information from input: environment / body / task goal

Question 10

what controls our fine tuning/scaling?

Answer 10

Projection system

Question 11

the role of the spinal system in motor control?

Answer 11

Carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent)
Carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent)
Information processing at the spinal level: spinal reflexes.

Question 12

spinal cord

Answer 12

Spinal cord: bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles & sensors

Question 13

spinal colum

Answer 13

The major function of the vertebral column is protection of the spinal cord

Question 14

what controls our excution and feedback?

Answer 14

spinal system.

Question 15

cerebellum function

Answer 15

Plays a crucial role in motor learning, including the fine-tuning of movements such as the tennis swing. It helps in refining the timing, coordination, and accuracy of movements over time through repeated practice.

Question 16

what would be damaged if there were the symptoms of drunkness showing.

Answer 16

cerebellum

Question 17

basal ganglia

Answer 17

Involved in the procedural learning aspect of motor skills. It helps in encoding the sequence of movements involved in the tennis swing and in selecting the appropriate movements based on feedback and outcomes.

Question 18

what is huntingtons desease?

Answer 18

damage to the basal ganglia - clumsiness, forgetfulness, uncontrollable movements.

Question 19

motor cortex

Answer 19

A trigger centre rather than a planning centre. Controls muscle activity, especially In distal muscles. Most of the planning has already happened when it gets to this.
controls force and direction of AP.

Question 20

PMC function

Answer 20

Controls proximal muscles: trunk and shoulders.
Anticipatory postural adjustments are coordinated in PMC which adapts the body position for movements. Will also prepare postural muscles to stabilize for movements.

Question 21

what is damaged if monkeys struggle with bimanual tasks?

Answer 21

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

Question 22

SMA (Supplementary Motor Area)

Answer 22

Contributes to the planning and initiation of complex motor sequences, such as the various phases of the tennis swing (e.g., backswing, forward swing, follow-through).

Question 23

Parietal Cortex:

Answer 23

Integrates sensory information related to body position, movement, and spatial awareness. It helps in adjusting the trajectory and timing of the tennis swing based on visual feedback and proprioceptive signals.

Question 24

Brain Stem

Answer 24

descending pathway to the spinal cord. works in two directions. Conveys motor commands from higher brain regions to the spinal cord and muscles involved in executing the tennis swing. It also receives sensory feedback from the body to adjust and refine movements in real-time.

Question 25

Motor Cortex

Answer 25

Responsible for generating the motor commands necessary to execute the tennis swing. Through practice and repetition, the motor cortex refines these commands to produce more accurate and efficient movements.

Question 26

Premotor Cortex:

Answer 26

Plays a role in planning and preparing the motor actions required for the tennis swing. It integrates sensory information, such as visual cues from the ball and proprioceptive feedback from the body, to generate a motor plan.