lecture 31

Question 1

the mountain of development

Answer 1

reflexive then pre-adapted then fundamental motor patterns then context specific and finally skillfull. increasing with developmental time.

Question 2

what is the compensation arrow on the mountain of development

Answer 2

compensation arrow. slide back down the mountain due to an injury or something along the lines.

Question 3

what are reflexes for prenatal

Answer 3

REFLEXES ARE A PRIMARY mode of stimulating the CNS / PNS and engaging exploration of the perceptual motor landscape.

Question 4

three types of reflexes at prenatal

Answer 4

primitive - feeding, postural and locomotor - moving around

Question 5

what are reflexes useful for

Answer 5

good at diagnosing delays in development

Question 6

survival / protection reflexes - 6 months

Answer 6

suckling , rooting = light touch on face, head turns and grasping = palmer stimulation.

Question 7

assessment of 6 month old reflexes

Answer 7

moro = arms and legs spread outward, its hands open, and its fingers spread.
startle = opposite behaviour to moro.
babinski = reflexively fan out and extend to its toes.

Question 8

postural reflexes at 6 months

Answer 8

head and body rightening
labyrinthine righting reflex - enables upright posture
pull-up reflex - hold hands and pull up.
parachute reflexes - forward and downward

Question 9

locomotor reflexes at 6 months

Answer 9

crawling and stepping

Question 10

what drives dissapearance of the stepping reflex ?

Answer 10

the interaction between various body systems that drive this

Question 11

what helps create sensory experienes that help infants neural development

Answer 11

stereotypes

Question 12

what are transitional behaviours in 10th fetal week to 2 years

Answer 12

some control, but not voluntary or goal directed.

Question 13

how many stereotypes identified by reserches

Answer 13

67

Question 14

what do stereotypies typically percede?

Answer 14

voluntary behaviour. e.g single and double leg kicking > crawling, standing, gait,

Question 15

some examples of stereotypies

Answer 15

single and double leg kicking. banging things with arms and finger flexion.

Question 16

what is rudimentary behaviour

Answer 16

Rudimentary behavior refers to basic, fundamental actions or responses that are simple, undeveloped, and often instinctual or reflexive in nature.

Question 17

when does independent sitting emerge

Answer 17

6–7 months

Question 18

how long does a toddler need to walk for to reduce sway

Answer 18

infant needs to walk for 1.5 months to show reduced sway in quite standing compared to younger children.

Question 19

how does standing posture change when holding a toy

Answer 19

sway less (area), more irregularly.

Question 20

open loop development in rudimentary behaviour

Answer 20

fast, pre-planned, ballistic actions (>5cm/s)

Question 21

closed loop development in rudimentary behaviour

Answer 21

slower, guided by sensory information (<=3cm/s)

Question 22

what will lead to slower sway in rudimentary behaviour

Answer 22

increased integration of sensory and motor information leads to slower sway.

Question 23

what is en bloc

Answer 23

little kids learning to throw or walk.

Question 24

the difference between crawling and creeping

Answer 24

belly on floor = crawling versus belly off floor = creeping.

Question 25

what does initial creeping involve

Answer 25

initial creeping involves homolateral movement patterns.

Question 26

what enables more efficient contralateral creeping,

Answer 26

increased strength and improved postural coordination.

Question 27

what is the most signifigant perceptual motor development milestone

Answer 27

walking. often begins at 13 months, but not mature until 5 years.

Question 28

task, person and environment constraints

Answer 28

task - walking has specific movement pattern.
person - anthropometry is influential strength / stability precedes locomotion.
environment - what affoardaces are present. e.g slopes, stairs

Question 29

what is manual coordination constrained by?

Answer 29

by postural control. in particular head stabiltiy.

Question 29

prehension

Answer 29

seizing, grasping

Question 30

manipulation

Answer 30

skilful use of hands

Question 31

manual control

Answer 31

catch all term, includes reaching, grasping and releasing.

Question 32

FMS

Answer 32

fundamental movement skills 2-6/7 years

Question 33

when does fine motor control emerge

Answer 33

after palmar reflex, stereotypies and grasping.

Question 34

who develops writing and drawing first

Answer 34

girls develop these skills earlier than boys due to earlier neurological maturity.

Question 35

finger differentation in FMS

Answer 35

begins early (within first year) but matures about 8 years old. often finger differentation used by pediatric nerulogists to identify delays in development.

Question 36

characteristics of FMS

Answer 36

unique movement pattern neat universality of outcome generalisation to a broad set of skills.

Question 37

throwing in girls verse boys FMS.

Answer 37

girls traverse the same, but lag behind boys, in developmental sequence

Question 38

what does catching require

Answer 38

interaction and integration of visual and kinaesthetic information.

Question 39

figure ground perception

Answer 39

the ability to distinguish an abject from its surrounding background. increase steadily.

Question 40

saccadic eye movement

Answer 40

rapid eye movements to object of fixation. children - slow, numerous, 12 years - adult faster

Question 41

coincident timing

Answer 41

the ability to coordinate visual and motor behaviour to a single coincident point.

Question 42

context specific period

Answer 42

application of FMS to a variety of task and environmental contexts. important rate limiter the development of peceptual-cognitive capabilities.

Question 43

skilfull periods

Answer 43

to progress to the skilfull phase, performer must have signigfigant context specific experiences.

Question 44

what does passage to skilfullness pften conincide with

Answer 44

puberty and the adolescent growth spurt.

Question 45

compensation period

Answer 45

a time when the system adapts, or compensates for detrimental changes in organismic constrainrs.