lecture 10

Question 1

Three big headaches for hierarchical theories of motor control.

Answer 1

Accounting for our biological bodies.

Not relying so heavily on metal representations of our actions and external world (black box approach).

How detailed/specific do motor programs need to be?

Question 2

Distribution of Cognitive Processes

Answer 2

Our cognitive processes are distributed across brain, body environment. - Our brain is only one part of the cognition as it is inside our whole body.

Question 3

embodied cognition

Answer 3

embodied cognition emphasizes the role of the physical body, sensory-motor experiences, and environmental interactions in shaping cognitive processes.

Question 4

limitation of the EC

Answer 4

Ignores our different type of senses. Also ignores the receptors inside of our body. Emphasising the role of sensory-motor experience.

Question 5

positive of EC

Answer 5

Predicting future states based on our bodily interactions with the environment. By incorporating sensory information and past experiences.

Question 6

what happens in action preperation?

Answer 6

• Monitoring environment (sensation.
  
  • Postural preparation
  • The preparation of an upcoming sequence of movements
  • Preparation of limb movement characteristics.
  • The preparation of rhythm when a skill provides it.

Question 7

factors that change how fast we react.

Answer 7

Stimulus - more= slower
Number of choice - more=slower
type of stimulus
how obvious the stimulus is to you
age

Question 8

predictive processing

Answer 8

Comparing the predicted future to what we currently perceive.
Our lazy brains make predictions, take shortcuts and gamble on expected outcomes.

Question 9

how does PP help with effective neuroscience.

Answer 9

Idea is that some things need to be acted on fast with a lot to process up the chains. The brain will start making predictions or guessing. It will be looking for ques. E.g. in a goalie observing where the shooter is looking.

Question 10

exteroception

Answer 10

gives us information about things happening exterior to us.

Question 11

proprioception

Answer 11

how we perceive the world and how we are going to act on it.

Question 12

Active inference

Answer 12

Humans move in order to perceive better. As movement sharpens the ability to perceive the things around us.

Question 13

Top-down expectations compared to actual input

Answer 13

The process of active inference involves generating predictions or expectations about incoming sensory information based on prior knowledge and experience. These top-down expectations are then compared to the actual sensory input received from the environment. Any discrepancies between the expected and actual input can lead to adjustments in perception and behavior.

Question 14

how does movement Sharpen Perception

Answer 14

Through movement, individuals can enhance their perception of the external world. By actively engaging with their environment and experiencing sensory feedback through movement, individuals can refine their proprioceptive abilities, leading to improved sensitivity and accuracy in perceiving the surrounding world.

Question 15

when do we upweigh sensory input?

Answer 15

We will upweight the significance of sensory information as we are not sure about the environment we are in.
For example when balanced is challenged we upweight certain sensory input to maintain postural control.

Question 16

how can anxiety influence motor control.

Answer 16

Anxiety - state of uncertainty, so you get anxious. Might start to miscalculate the future. Very vigilant of our outside environment. Down weighting the previous precise senses. Can lead to choking. Not being able to perform.
Explains PP better as we are consistently trying to predict the environment around us and when we cannot we stress.