lecture 3: vertebral column Flashcards
what is the number of vertebral
typical 33 but ranges from 32-34
how mnay cerv vert are tehre
7
what do cervical vert make up
the necvk
how many thoaracic vert
12
what part of the skeleton do thoracic vert make up
chest/ribcage
how many lumbar vert
5
what part of the skeleton does the lumbar vert make
lower back
how many sacral vert
5 fused
how many coccyx vert are there
3-5 fused
what makes up the tail bone
the sacrum and coccyx
how many normal curvatures are there in the body
4
what are the 2 types of curvators
primary/kyphosis
secondary/lordosis
where do the primary curvatures orginate
in embryonic/fetal devel
what are the kyphotic/primary curves
throracic and sacral
when do secondary/lordotic curves develop
in earlt postnatal growth, unique to humans
what parts of the vert are lordotic. curves
cervical and lumbar
why are thoracic and sacral primary/kyphotic
due to the fetal curve in development
why are cervical and lumbar lordotic curves
due to being bipedal and loading the spinal column
what is the function of the secondary lordoses (lumbar and cervical)
to keep the bodys centre of mass (head/ttrunk) aligned OVER the feet, reducing the effort required to stand up
what are abnormal curvatures
cervical kyphosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
scoliosis
what is the cause of misallignments in the vert column
due to abnormal cervauteres increase back/neck muscle work and strain on the vert disks
be able to identify lordoses and scoliosis
.
be able to label the typical vertebra
.
where does the spinal cord pass
the neural arch
what does the pedicle link
body to tranverse
what does lamina connect
tranverse to spinal
what makes up the neural arch
pedical and lamina
what is the junction betwwn lamina and pedicel caleld
tranverse process
the body of the vertrebral is anterior or psoterior
anterior
spinal cord passes throug hthe…
vertebral formamen
what is the intervetrbral foramen formed by
inferior and superior vertebral notches
what does dpinal nerves exit
intervertebral foramen
true or false: there is segmental variation in vert
true
what are some special characterics of cervical vert
bifid spinous process
transverse foramina
large triangular vertebral foramen
uncinate processses
what are uncinate processes and why
hook shaped processes on the sup surface of the vertebral bodies (c3-c7)
helps flexion/extension
what are the contents of the transvers foramn
vertbral artery
what are the 2 unique cerv
atlas (c1)
axis (c2)
what supoorts the head
atlas (c1)
name special characteritics of atlas
lateral masses/no body
has anterior and posterior arch
facet for dens
what motion does the c1 allow
flexion/.extension
what motion does c2 allow
rotation
what is special about c2
dens
name special characterics of the thoracic vert
facets for rib attachemnts
circular vert foramin
heart shaped vertebral body
long narrow spinous process
which vert has a heart shaped vertt
thoracic
which vert has a circulat vert forman
throacic
which vert has a large triangular vert forman
cervical
which vert has a long,narrow sloped spinous process
throacic
name the special characterics of lumbar veryt
smaller triangular vert foramen
kidney shaped vert body
short wide spinous process
which vert has a smaller triangular vertebral formant
lumbar
which vert has a kidney shaped vert body
lumbar
which vert has a short wide spinous process
lumbar
be able to name the parts of sacrum and coccyx
whaT MAKES up the lateral sacral crest
fusion of tranverse
whaT MAKES up the median sacral crest
fusion of spinous
what nerve comes out of the sacral hiatus
s5
name the 5 important joints of thevert columbn
1) atlanto occipital
2) atlanto axial
3) uncovertebral
4) interverteebral joints
5) zygopophyseal
where is the atlanto occipital joint located
b/w atlas and skull
where is the atlantoaxial joint
between c1 and c2
where are the uncovertebral joints
b/w unicinate processes of c3/c7
true or false: tjhere are uncinate processes on all ecrvical
false, starting at c3
where are intervertebral joints
bw vertebral bodies
where are zygopho joints lcoated
bw superior and inferior articular facets of vert
what is the fucntion of the atlantooccipital joint
nodding, hear flexion/extension
MINIMAL LATERAL F/E AND AXIAL ROTATIONq
what are the supporting ligs of the atlanto occipital joint
tectorial membrane
posterior atlanto occipital membrane
the superior arrticular facets of c1 articate with what
occipital condyles
what are the 3 articuaklations of the atlanto axial joint
dens and anterior arch (1)
articular processes (2)
what is the functions of the transverse ligament in the atlanto axial joint
encircles the desns and keeps it against the anterior arch of C1 , turns that articualtion into a pivot joint
what are the important supporting ligaments for the atlanto axial joint
alar ligaments
transverse ligament
cruciform ligament
what is the fuction of the alar ligaments
secure the dens to the skull
what is the classificaton of the intervertebral joints/disk
solid
symphysis joint (bone-fibrocartilage-bone)
what are the 2 portions of the intervertbral dis k
annulus fibrosus
nucleus polosus
what are the two parts of the annulus fiibrosis
outer and inner ring
what is the function of the uncovertebral joints
guide flexion/extension of cervical spine while limiting lateral flexion
what type of joints are uncovertebral joints
true synovial joints (gliding)
whta is disk herniation
progressive protrusion of the nucleus pulposus thorugh the weak spots in the annulus fibrosus
where do disk hernations most happen
in the lumbar region
what do disk herniations cause
nerve impingements
pain
numbness
tingling
what are the stages of disk hernations
1) degenration
2) protrusion
3) extrusion
4) sequestration
what stage is when the nucleus pulp completeres p[rotrudes and leaks into spinal cord
sequestration
where do disk hernations occur
lumbar region and move posteriorly towards spinal cord
what is the classfication of zygopo joints
synovial plane/gliding
true or false: zygopo joints are paired
true
where are the zygo joints located
articulation between facets on superior and inferior articular process
how are the zygopo joints oriented in the cervical spine
transvers orientation (especially c1-c2)
what is the function of zygo joints at the cervical region
axial rotation, some flexion and extension
what is the function of zygo joints at the thoracic region
Axial rotation.
Some flex and extension ,lateral. F and e
what is the orientation of the zygopo joints in the thoracic spine
coronal orientation
what is the orientation of the zygo joints in the lumbar spine
sagittal
what is the function of zygo joints at the lumbar region
lateral flexion and extension
true or false: each zygopo joint has a lot of motion
false, they each have its own limited motion but the sum of these small movements make for a greater ROM at the s[ine
true or false: saggital flexion/extension, lateral flexion/extension and axial rotation possible at all joint segments
true
where does most of the flexion extension come from (what part of the spine)
cervical, lumbar and thoracic
where does most of the lateral felxion come from (what part of the spine)
lumbar (because the transverse processes do not interefere and because of the sagital oritnetation of the zygopo
wwhere does most of the rotation are the head and neck come from (what part of the spine)
cervical
where does most of the rotation of the upper trunk come from (what part of the spine)
thoracic
true of false: the ligaments of the vert columb only reinforce joitnts
false, also keep motions in check
what are the ligaments of the vert column
ant/post long ligaments
supraspinous lig
itnerspinous lig
intertraverse lig
lig flavum
lig nuchae
where do the AP long ligs run
along the anterior and posterior border of the vertebral bodies
which ligs run along the anterior and posterior border of the vertebral bodies
posterior and anterior long lig
which lgiament contines as the tectorial membrane at c1/c2
PLL
true or false: the PLL continues as the lig nuchae at c1/c2
false, continues as the tectorial membrane
what is the function of suprasponous and nucal lig
limits flexion
where are the supraspinous and interspinous ligs location
on/along the spinous process
which lig is on/along the spinous process
interspinour and supraspinous
where does lig flavum extend
extending between lamina of adjacent vertebra
which lig extending between lamina of adjacent vertebra
lig flavum
where do the intertransver lig lie
extending betweeb transveres processes of adjacent cert
what is the function of spinal lordosi
align the center of mass of a biped over its feet
why do we have increases size of vert bodies from superior to infferior
to support a larger load agaisnt gravity
repetivee and asymetry loading of the vertebra and IV discs can cause what
annulus degenration, disc herniation and possible spine osteoarthris
