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315 - anatomy > lecture 24: anatomy of gait part 1 > Flashcards

lecture 24: anatomy of gait part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

humans are bipedal with two major gaits, what are they

A

walking and running

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2
Q

what are the 2 phases of the walking gait cycle

A

stance phase
swing phase

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3
Q

which phase is longer in the walking cycle

A

stance phase

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4
Q

what is one walking cycle defined as

A

from heel strike to heel strike of same limb (1x stance, 1x swing)

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5
Q

what marks the begining of the total gait cycle

A

intial contact

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6
Q

what is the first aspect of the walking cycle

A

initial contact

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7
Q

what is the second event in the walking cycle

A

loading response

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8
Q

explain loading response

A

full plantar surface of the foot makes contact with the ground

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9
Q

what is the third event in the walking cycle

A

mid stance

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10
Q

what is mid stance

A

the body’s center of gravity is directly over the moving foot, before transferring to the supporting foot

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11
Q

what is the 4th even in the walking cycle

A

terminal stance

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12
Q

what is the 5th event in the walking cycle

A

preswing and begining of toe off

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13
Q

what event marks the end of stance pahse

A

toe off (pre swing)

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14
Q

initial contact also knwon as

A

heel strike

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15
Q

end of the stance phase is also known as

A

toe off

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16
Q

true or false: in the walking gait cycle, there are single (one foot on ground only) support phases only

A

false also double support (both feet) phases

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17
Q

what are the double support phases/events in the stance phsse

A

initial contact
loading response

preswing

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18
Q

what are the sing support phases/events in the stance phsse

A

mid stance
terminal stance

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19
Q

what are the 5 events of the stance phase in ordeer

A

initial contact/heel strike
loading response

midstance
terminal stance

preswing

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20
Q

what are the 3 events in the swing phase of gait

A

intial swing
mid swing
terminal swing

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21
Q

true or false, all the events in the swing face are single support

A

true

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22
Q

toe off markrs the begining of what event

A

initial swing

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23
Q

be able to understance gait cycle in motion (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1o2-nXo3Js)

A
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24
Q

during the gait cycle, lower limb muscles must do what three things

A

propel the body forward by generating angular motions of the limb segments

support body weight (ie. resist external forces that produce unwanted torques at some of the lower limb joints)

all while miniminzing energy expenditure

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25
Q

the lower limbs propel the body forward by doing what

A

generating angular motions of the limb segments

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26
Q

true or false: ground reaction force is approximately equivalent to body weight and explai

A

true,
when your body hits the ground, the ground imposes and equal and opposite force/reaction to u

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27
Q

lower limb joint mocement involves what type of motion

A

angular

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28
Q

the largest joint motions in the lower limb occur in what place

A

saggital place

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29
Q

the largest joint motions in the lower limb occur in the sagittal plane involved what ROM at the hip ,knee, ankle

A

involving flexion/extension of the hip. knee, ankle (and MTP/IP joints)

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30
Q

true or false: the only joint motions occur only in the saggital plane and explain

A

false, hips move in other planes involving abduction/adduction (coronal) and medial/lateral rotation (transverse)

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31
Q

hips move in other planes involving besides the saggital one, what are the other motions and the planes

A

abduction/adduction (coronal) and
medial/lateral rotation (transverse)

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32
Q

what are the ankle dorsiflexors

A

tib ant
extensor hallucis
digitorem longus

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33
Q

what is the function of the ankle dorsiflexors in the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response

A

prepare foot for heel strike (clear toes from gound)
control plantar flexion through looading response

34
Q

explain how the ankle dorsiflexors in the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response control plantar flexion through loading response

A

in the intiial contact/heel strike
the GRF is posterior to the ankle joint causing a plantar flexor torque (foot slap) therefore you must recreuit the dorsiflexors to keep the toes off the ground and prevent foot slap

35
Q

what is the function of the hip extensors in the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response

A

control hip flexion through foot flat (loading response)

extend hip into midstance

36
Q

the hip extensors in the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response control hip flexion through foot flat

A

GRF passing anterior to the hip flexors therefore causing a flexion toque therfore hip extensors (glutes) need to be recruited to prvent excess hip flexion and keep hip extended

37
Q

the hip extensors help extend the hip into midstance:
does that cause acceleration or deccleration

A

deccel

38
Q

what is the function of the knee extensors in the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response

A

extend knee to prepare for heel strike

control knee flexion through midstance

39
Q

during the the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response, what are the knee extensors at work

A

mostly the vastus group

40
Q

explain how the knee extensors in the stance phase form initial contact to end of loading response control knee flexion through midstance

A

The GRF is passing posterior to the knee joint causing a flexion torque therefore the knee extensors must be recruits to prevent buckling of the knee

41
Q

what muscles are activated at the very end of the loading response (foot flat)

A

plantar flexors (gastroc and soleus =triceps sura)

42
Q

triceps surae is in reference to what muscles

A

gastroc and soleur

43
Q

what is the function of the plantar flexors at the end of the loading response

A

control dorsiflexion

44
Q

explain how/why the plantarflexors control dorsiflexion at the end of the loading response

A

during foot flat, the GRF is anterior to ankle joint causeing a dorsiflexion torque

the plantar flexors need to be activated to control for that

45
Q

what is the function of the plantar flexors in the stance phase from midstance through toe off

A

control dorsi flextion until heel off

produce heel off and propel froward
(produce toe off torque)

46
Q

what are the plantarflexors in the stance phase from midstance through toe off

A

triceps surae, tibialis post, digital flexiors, fib long and brev

47
Q

what is the function of the instrinsic foot muscles (mostly plantar) in the stance phase from midstance through toe off

A

stiffen arches
make foot more rigit lever in prep for heel off

48
Q

just before the swing phase, what muscles are recruit and why

A

hip flexors (initiating hip flex to clear the ground(

ankle dorsi flxors to clear the ground

49
Q

what is the function of the hip flexors (rectus fem, illipsoas) in the stance phase just before swing phase

A

initiate hip flexior to clear ground

50
Q

what is the function of the dorsiflexors in the stance phase just before swing phase

A

initiate dorsiflexion to clear ground

51
Q

what is the function of the hip flexors in the swing phase

A

swing limb forward

52
Q

true or false: in the swing phase when propelling limb, there is not GRF

A

true

53
Q

what is the function of the knee flexors (hamstrings) in the swing phase

A

flexor knee to clear leg from ground

(as hip extensors- prepare for heel strike)

54
Q

which muscles are acting as the main knee flexors in the swing phase

A

hamstrings

55
Q

what is the function of the ankle dorsiflexors during the swing phase

A

dorsiflex to keep foot clear of ground

56
Q

what is the function of the hip adductors during the swing phase

A

keep swing leg close to stance leg
assist in hip flexion (bringing swing leg forward)

57
Q

during single support phase of the stance phase (loading response, mistance, terminal stance) body mass causes a tendency for the hips to do what

A

to drop/tilt towards contralateral side, recruiting hip abductors on stance leg counters this and keeps center of mass level

58
Q

during single support phase of the stance phase (loading response, mistance, terminal stance) body mass causes a tendency for the hips to to drop/tilt towards what side

A

contralateral side

59
Q

during single support phase of the stance phase (loading response, mistance, terminal stance) body mass causes a tendency for the hips to to drop/tilt towards contralateral side, how do we counteract this

A

recruiting hip abductors on stance leg counters this and keeps center of mass level

60
Q

what is the function of the hip abductors (glute med/min, TFL) during the stance phase single support

A

stabilize/oppose hip adduction (pelvic tilt) during single support phase

61
Q

during stance phase, the stance legs hip joint rotates which way

A

medially (inernally)

62
Q

during stance phase, the stance legs hip joint rotates medially (interally) assisted by what

A

by minimus and medius which are already in use to abduct the hip

63
Q

during the swing phase, the hip roates which way

A

laterally (externally)

64
Q

during swing phase, the stance legs hip joint rotates laterally by recruit what muscles

A

lateral hip rotators (S/I gemelli, I/E obturatots, quadratus femoris, pifirmois)

65
Q

during the stance phase, does the stance legs hip joint rotate medially or laterally

A

medially

66
Q

during the swing phase, does the stance legs hip joint rotate medially or laterally

A

laterally

67
Q

what is the main fucction of the muscles of the foot in walking

A

stiffen foot and arches

68
Q

the foot muscles are active mostly during what part of gait

A

2nd phase of stance

69
Q

what is the main function of the leg and ankle muscles durign walking

A

control dorsiflexion through midstance, generate plantarflexion in push off

70
Q

what is the main functiin of the cheif dorsiflexors of the ankle during walking (tib ant, extensor hallucis longus, etensor digi longus)

A

control plantar flexion in loading response

generate dorsiflexion during swingphase to clear substate
(foot drop if dorsi does not get actviated)

71
Q

if dorsiflexors do not get activated during swing phase to clear the ground and foot flat happens, what needs to be recruiteing instead

A

need more hip and knee flexion to clear the ground

72
Q

what is the main function of the 3 vastus muscles during walking

A

control knee flexion to midstance and extend knee for heel strike

73
Q

what is the main function of the rectus femoris durign walking

A

flex hip to clear substate and propel limb forward

74
Q

what is the main functuon of the hamstrings when walking

A

flex knee (clear substante and move limb forward)
prepare for heel strike (hip extensors)

75
Q

what is the main function of the gluteal region during walking

A

control hip flexion (max), control pelvis tilt (med, min tfl) and decelerate the limb

76
Q

walking is what type of gait

A

compass Inverted pendulum)

77
Q

running is what type of gait

A

mass spring

78
Q

true or false: running has an aerial phase and double support

A

false, no double support

79
Q

what is different about the phases between running and walking

A

running has an aerial phase
running has no double support

80
Q

explain the differences in ground reaction forces for walkig vs running

A

GRF are 2-3x greater in running and walking and borne by a single limb

81
Q

in running, the basic angular motions are similar but all the angular changes are greater so what does that mean

A

the muscles work harder to counter eternal forces (GRF) and proper COM (center of mass)

315 - anatomy (25 decks)

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